CLEP Biology Exam Questions And Answers 2023

CLEP Biology What is the key limiting factor on cell size? - The size of a cell is limited by the ratio of its surface area to volume. A cell will only remain stable if... - ...the surface area of the plasma membrane maintains a balance with the volume of the cytoplasm. The salivary gland... - ...secretes saliva which enters the digestive tract and aids the digestive process. Gregor Medel - Studied the relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring and the genes that caused the traits to be expressed. In order to become an established part of an island ecosystem there must be... - ...a populations large enough to ensure successful reproduction, a food source, a suitable habitat, and a source of moisture. Lymphocytes - Are cells involved in immunity and are produced in bone marrow as stem cells. B Cells - Produce antibodies into the bloodstream that find and attach themselves to foreign antigens (toxins, bacteria). T Cells - Some patrol the blood for antigens, but are also equipped to destroy antigens. They may regulate immune responses as well. Mass extinctions promote diversification... - ...because ecological niches open up, making conditions favorable for the establishment of new, diverse species. Common elements found in proteins are - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen What phylum are snakes in? - Chordata Cellular Respiration - Is the process that releases energy for use by the cell. A hydrogen bond - Is weaker than ionic, covalent, disulfide, or double bonds. A hydrogen bond involves - the attraction of atoms of different polarity and can be easily broken. Ionic bonds involve - the transfer of electrons. Covalent bonds - share electrons. Chimpanzees - Are more closely related to Homo Sapiens than to other apes, but Homo Sapiens did not evolve from chimpanzees. About five million years ago... - ...the lineage that led to the modern Homo Sapiens diverged from the lineage that led to the modern chimpanzee. The evolution leading to Homo Sapiens... - Is more like branching out of a tree with dead ends and new branches appearing simultaneously than like steps on a ladder. Early hominids... - Stood upright before there was an increase in brain size. The large brain and upright posture - of Homo Sapiens did not evolve together. Most fossils of Hominids - are from continents other than North America. The stomach secretes - digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and gastric juices which aid in digestion. The mucous secreted by the stomach protects the stomach lining from the acids and juices. Algae and Protozoa belong to the kingdom - Protista Plants and animals obtain usable nitrogen - through nitrogen fixing bacteria and lighting. When the water concentration inside and outside the cell is equal, - it is said to be in an isotonic state. Isotonic Conditions - are produced when water passes through the cell membrane by osmosis from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, to equalize water concentration. The effect of a substrate concentration on the initial reaction rate in the presence of a limited amount of enzyme... - will increase the reaction rate as the concentration of substrate is increased until all the enzymes are used, then the reaction rate will level off. An enzyme - Is a special protein that acts as a catalyst for organic reactions. A catalyst - is a substance that changes the speed of a reaction without being affected itself. Kingdom Protista - Contain one celled eukaryotes such as algae and protozoa. Kingdom Animalia - contain organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates. Kingdom Fungi - contains organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including molds and mushrooms. Kingdom Plantae - contains multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms including gymnosperms and angiosperms. Cellular Metabolism - Energy transformations that occur as chemicals are broken down or synthesized within the cell. Catabolism - breaking down Anabolism - synthesis Hydrolysis - a reaction that adds water to another compound. (2 hydrogens, 1 oxygen). Chlorophyll - must be present for photosynthesis to occur, it is not used up in the process. Chlorophyll has the ability to - absorb a photon of light and is found in the grana of the chloroplast. Electron Transfer System (ETS) - produces the most ATP molecules, yielding 34 ATPs per glucose molecule. The products of the Krebs cycle - are easily converted to ATP, but the main energy products of the Krebs cycle liberate electrons then used in the electron transfer reactions. Photolysis is a reaction of photosynthesis where - chlorophyll pigments absorb photons of light, leaving the chlorophyll in a higher energy (excited) state, these then supply energy to reactions that produce ATP from ADP and Pi. Pi - Inorganic phosphate A mutation - is an accidental change of the DNA sequence of the gene that can result in creating a change of trait that is not found in the parent. Differential reproduction - proposes that those individuals within a population that are most adapted to the environment are also the most likely individuals to produce viable offspring. The Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium - states that where random mating is occurring within a population that is in equilibrium with its environment, the gene frequencies and genotype ratios will remain constant from generation to generation. It is a mathematical formula that shows why recessive genes do not disappear over time from a population. Allopatric speciation - occurs when two populations are geographically isolated from each other. Over time this results in the production of two separate species. Gene Migration occurs when - an individual from an adjacent population of the same species immigrates and breeds with a member of a previously locally isolated group, resulting in a change in the gene pool. The primary role of DNA in the cell - is the control of protein synthesis. Genetic traits are expressed and specialization of cells occur as a result of the combination of proteins produced by the DNA of a cell. DNA replication - allows for the genetic code to be preserved in future generations of cells. Genetic imprinting - is when expression of genetic traits is determined by weather the trait is inherited from the mother or the father. Genetic maintenance - the preservation of the integrity of genetic information from one generation to another. Genetic screening - the systematic search for individuals with a specific genotype in a delineated population. In DNA Guanine pairs with - Cytosine In DNA Thymine pairs with - Adenine Interphase - is the period when the cell is active in carrying on the function it was designed to perform within the organism. Cells spend much more time in interphase than in cell division. Lysosomes - are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes that digest dead or unused material within the cell or materials absorbed by the cell for use. Free ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. They float unattached in the cytoplasm. They contain RNA that is specific to their function in protein formation. DNA produces particular genetic traits through - Protein synthesis Endocytic vesicles - are formed when the plasma membrane of a cell encloses a molecule outside the membrane, then releases a membrane bound sack containing the desired molecule into the cytoplasm. This process allows the cell to absorb molecules that are larger in size than would be able to pass through the cell membrane. The nucleus - contains the chromosomes and is the site of reproduction through mitosis and meiosis. Centrioles - are tubes constructed of a geometrical arrangement of microtubules in a pinwheel shape. Their function includes the formation of new microtubules, but is primarily to form the structural skeleton around which cells split during mitosis and meiosis. Ribonucleic acid - is a molecule that stores information for protein synthesis and genetic coding. Cellulose, starch, lipid, and sugar molecules - all store energy within their chemical bonds.