AP Biology Unit 8 Ecology Exam Review Questions already solved 2023

AP Biology Unit 8 Ecology Exam Review Questions already solved 2023Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to an internal cue. Sensation of hunger results in seeking out food, Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to an external cue. MIgration-circannual rhythm using the sun to track their position, fiddler crab mating in response to full and new moon Identify two physiological changes in an organism due to an internal cue. Release of histamine triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permiable, sex hormones induce formation of secondary sex characteristics Identify two physiological changes in an organism due to an external cue. Light stimulus in eye causes pupils to constrict, drop in body temperature initiates increase in metabolism in endotherms How does an organism's responses to internal changes or external cues change their behavior? Organisms communicate in response to changes in order to increase survival/fitness, Ex: Fight or flight response, Predator warnings, Protection of young, Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory, Avoidance responses What is differential reproductive success? the successful reproduction rates of two groups of individuals in the same generation of a species population, each exhibiting a different genetically determined characteristic or genotype How does communication result in differential reproductive success? Organisms use a variety of signaling behaviors that can help increase the survival chance of other members of a population What are the five types of signals individuals use to communicate with others? Visual-warning or mate attraction in polygamous species, auditory- warning calls to alert / prevent predation or to attract a mate (frogs), olfactory/chemical-pheromones used in fruit fly courtship or silkworm moth, tactile-male fruit flies tap female to alert her of his presence, electrical- schooling fish Describe the environment where each type is favorable. Can indicate dominance, find food, establish territory, and ensure reproductive success What is the function of animal communication? transmission and reception of signals between animals ensures species compatibility and overall success in mating, honeybees use dance to communicate foraging locations, pheromones in injured fish or wasps alert others to danger and promote either fight or flight response, urine, feces, pheromones What is an innate behavior? Behavior that is developmentally fixed. Nearly all individuals in a population behave alike. ex- male three spined sticklebacks have a territorial response to the color red What is a learned behavior? The modification of behavior in an organism as a result of specific experiences. What type of behaviors does natural selection favor? Those that increase survival (innate and learned) and reproductive fitness, bees- build hives, regulate temp, reproduce, foraging What is cooperative behavior? Co-operative behaviours are an evolutionary response to reduce the competition between members of the same species teamwork How does cooperative behavior increase the fitness of an individual and the survival of the population? It can increase foraging or hunting success, improve health (grooming), reduce competing offspring (lions killing other male's cubs to bring females into heat), increased fitness of the individual increases the survival of the population What is altruism? Behavior that reduces an animal's individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population ex:stinging honeybee, naked mole rats sacrificing self to protect queen and kings How does altruism increase the population's reproductive fitness? The death of the adult increasing the success of the offspring survival maximizes their genetic representation in the population What is an endotherm? Organisms that use thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures