AP Biology Unit 1 vocab Question with complete solution 2023

AP Biology Unit 1 vocab Question with complete solution 2023Acid chemical substance that turns litmus paper red, with a pH less than 7, increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Acidic containing the properties of an acid Adhesion the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means if hydrogen bonds Base substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, changes litmus paper blue with a pH higher than 7 Basic containing the properties of the base Chemical bond attraction between 2 atoms, resulting from shared outer electrons or the presence of opposite charges in atoms, bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells Chemical reaction making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in composition of matter Cohesion linking together like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds Compound substance containing 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio Covalent bond strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons Dissolve when a solid becomes a part of a liquid to form a solution Hydrogen bond weak bond in which a hydrogen from one water molecule and an oxygen from another bond together Hydrophilic being attracted to water (having affinity for water) Ion atom that has gained or lost an electron giving a positive or negative charge Ionic bond chemical bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged ions Molecule 2 or mores atoms held together by covalent bonds pH scale measures whether a substance is a base or an acid (1-6 is acid, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is base) Nonpolar covalent bond electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms of a similar electronegativity Polar covalent bond covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity (1 atom becomes slightly negative, the other slightly positive) Solution a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substance Specific heat amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change it's temperature by 1 degree C Surface tension strength of the surface of a liquid before it breaks (water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding) Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) stores cell energy Amino acids makes up proteins, monomer of polypeptides (CHON) Carbohydrates a sugar or one of its dimers(disaccharides) or polymers Cellulose structural polysaccharide of a plant wall consisting of glucose monomers by beta glycosidic linkages Dehydration synthesis losing a hydrogen when making a polypeptide bond DNA double stranded helix with genetic information (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) Disaccharide a double sugar consisting of 2 monosaccharides Disulfide bridges strong covalent bond formed when sulfur of one molecule bonds to sulfur of another molecule Fat lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule (triglyceride) Glycogen polysaccharide stores carbohydrates in tissue Monosaccharide simplest carbohydrate(simple sugar), building block for disaccharides, ect Nucleic acid many nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA) Peptide Compound containing 2 or more amino acids Phospholipid lipid made up of glycerol join by 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, hydrocarbon chains act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails while the rest acts as polar hydrophilic heads, form bilayer that functions as a biological membrane Beta pleaded sheets a secondary structure of a protein, 2 strands of polypeptide are side by side Polymer long molecule of many monomers Polysaccharide polymer of many monosaccharides, made through dehydration synthesis Primary structure first level of protein structure referring to specific linear sequence of amino acids Protein molecule consisting of polypeptides that fold and coil into a specific 3 dimensional structure Quaternary structure particular shape of a protein, defined by characteristic 3 dimensional arrangement of its subunits (polypeptides) RNA made up of nucleotide monomers, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases(adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine), protein synthesis, gene regulation, and genome of some viruses Saturated containing the largest amount if a particular solute Secondary structure repetitive coiling or folding of polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding (alpha helix or beta pleaded sheets) Starch Nutrient carbohydrate found in plants Steroid lipid characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached Sucrose disaccharide of fructose and glucose, found in plants Sugar sweet crystalline or powdered substance (monosaccharide) Tertiary structure shape of a protein molecule due to reactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges Triglyceride main constituents of natural fats and oils, ester formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acid groups Unsaturated more solute can still be dissolved in the solvent Wax substance consisting of hydrocarbons or esters of fatty acids that are insoluble in water Hydrophobic having little attraction for water (having no affinity for water) Hydrophobic interaction weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water exclude water Denatured enzyme loses its shape therefore no longer works Fatty acids lipid Glucose energy plants get through photosynthesis, carbohydrate Glycerol byproduct of soap manufacture Helix held together by hydrogen bonds, (DNA is a double) Hydrolysis add water to break apart a polypeptide