PATHO FINAL EXAM 2022 LATEST VERSION 2022

PATHO FINAL EXAM 2022 LATEST VERSION 2022 2 1. What is a characteristic of coronary artery disease (CAD) o The build-up of infectious by-products in the lymph nodes o Insufficient delivery of oxygenated bold to the myocardium o Insufficient delivery of carbon dioxide to the lungs o The build-up of bile in the stomach and gall bladder 2. (a) Which of the following are normal arterial blood gas values? o PH 7.25, PaCO2 52mm Hg, PA02 75 mm Hg, HCO3 18 mEq/L o PH 7.50, PaCo2 30 mm Hg, Pa02 80 mm Hg, HCO3 28 mEq/L o PH 7.40, PaCO2 40 mm Hg, Pa02 90 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L o PH 7.15, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, Pa02 50 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L (b) Identify the normal arterial blood gas values o PH 7.26; PaCO2 55 mmHg; HCO3 18 MEq/L ; Pa02 75 mmHg o PH 7.37; PaCO2 42 mmHg; HCO3 24 mEq/L; PaO2 90 mmHg o pH 7.32; PaCO2 48 mmHg; HCO3 18 mEq/L; PaO2 82 mm Hg o pH 7.50; PaCO2 32 mmHg; HCO3 28 mEq/L; PaO2 80 mm Hg 2 3. . What happens to a client with polycythemia? o Deficient plasma in the blood o Increased lymphatic fluid being produced o Increased red blood cells being produced o Deficient number of red blood cells 4. . What condition can be caused by excessive amount of growth hormone (GH)released by the pituitary gland in childhood before epiphyseal plates of the long bones have. o Acromegaly o Gigantism o Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone o Dwarfism 5. Which of the following describes the damage to the brain that results in cerebral palsy? o Reversible with cognitive therapy with the infant client o Transient and resolvesin adulthood from physical therapy 2 o Manifested as an adult after normal childhood activities o Irreversible and occurs before, during or after birth or infancy 6. What is reperfusion injury? o Healing bone tissue after fracture o Skin wound tunneling and shear o Secondary injury after reestablishing blood flow o Injury after blood transfusion 7. . Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? o Magnesium o Sodium o Chloride o Bicarbonate 2 o Deficient number of red blood cells 8. Which of the following stores electrolytes and acts as an electrolyte pool? o Brain - Kidneys o Bone - Nails 9. Which of the following imbalances is found in clients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? o Decreased insulin production o Decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production o increased secretion of antidiuretic home (ADH) o Increased production of insulin 10.. What causes secondary brain injury after head trauma? o Brain injury resulting from the body’sresponse to tissue damage o Brain injury resulting from initial trauma o Injury as a result of medical therapy o Focal areas of bleeding 2 11.Which of the following steps happens first during hemostasis? o Vascularspasm o Platelet plug o Coagulation o Dissolving of the clot 12.What is the treatment for clients with hemophilia A? o Chemotherapy o Factor VIII replacement o Heparin administration o Bone marrow transplant 13.. Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension? o The bladder and urethra o The brain and skin o The heart and kidneys o The stomach and intestines 2 14.(a) What is the distinguishing feature of Hodgkin disease noted on histologic exam? Need to know o Reed-Sternberg cells o Red-stained cells o Human Papillomavirus o B-cells and T-cells (b) A client has Reed-Sternberg cells noted on a lab histologic study. What condition presents in this manner? o Chronic myeloid leukemia o Infectious mononucleosis o Non-Hodgkin’slymphoma o Hodgkin’slymphoma 15.Which of the following described what is occurring in the body of clients experiencing hypovolemia? 2 o Increased urine retention o Insufficient circulating blood volume o Bounding peripheral pulses o Crackles auscultated in the lungs 16.What is the common denominator of all forms of heart failure? o pulmonary edema o Jugular venous distention o Peripheral edema o Reduced cardiac output 17. . What is the most sensitive indicator of altered brain function? o The ability to perform complex mathematics o Altered level of consciousness o The lack of cerebrospinal fluid production o Intact cranial nerve functions 2 18.Which of the following is NOT an example of clinical manifestations of leukemia and lymphoma? o Fatigue o Increased risk bleeding o Increased risk of infections o Increased energy and strength 19. Right sided heart failure is characterized by: o Immunosuppression o Pulmonary edema o Peripheral edema o Coughing 20.A tension pneumothorax requires a needle thoracotomy and/or chest tube placement astreatment to which component of the pathophysiology of the condition? o An accumulation of blood in the pleural space, which makes it difficult for the lungs to exchange gases. o Extreme pain caused by a fractured rib 2 o A large accumulation of trapped air in the pleural space affecting both the lungs and heart, o Sudden failure of the respiratory system due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli 21. what typically causes contact dermatitis o Fungal infection o Long term disorder from gout o Contact with a skin allergen o Staphylococcal infection 22.Which of the following are clinical manifestation of leftsided heart failure? (Select all that apply) o Shortness of breath o Crackles auscultated in the lungs o Jugular venous distention o Peripheral edema o Cough with frothy sputum 2 23. Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension (HTN)? o High sugar, low-fat diet o Increased physical activity o Tobacco use o Low fat diet causes atherosclerotic plaques to form in the body o Poor dietary modification o Administration ofstatin medication o Interruption of blood flow to the brain o Injury to the endothelium of the coronary arteries 25.Which of the following is a characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation? (DIC)? o Simultaneousstroke and heart attack o Simultaneous clotting and bleeding o Simultaneous clotting and insulin release 2 o Simultaneous bleeding and vomiting 26.. What of the following best describes sepsis? o An overwhelming allergic reaction o Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen ‘s endotoxins o Unknown causes resulting in hypertension o Poor nursing and health care provider interventions 27.A patient has acute respiratory failure (ARF). Which of the following would the nurse expect to find? o Alkalosis and hyperventilation o Hypoxemia and hypercapnia o Alkalosis and high potassium o Elevated sodium and acidosis 28.. What is the process of moving air into the lungs with subsequent distribution to the alveoli called? o Ventilation 2 o Aeration o Enclosure vapor o Residual volume 29.Which of the following can lead to impaired neurological function in clients with increased intracranial pressure? (Select all that apply) o Decreased perfusion of the brain tissue o The ability of the tissue to autoregulate the pressure o Inflammation of the brain o Compression of the brain o Increased tissue oxygenation 30.Which of the following hormones helps to raise the blood sugar level to help maintain homeostasis? o Antidiuretic hormones(ADH) o Insulin o Glucagon 2 o Thyroxine 31.A client diagnosed with heart failure displays bilateral pitting edema of the lower extremities. Which of the following terms is used to describe this finding? o Contraindication o Sign o Symptom o Subjective data 32.Which of the following is a cause of edema? o Decreased plasma proteins o Hypotension o Dehydration o Polyuria 33. Which clients are at highest for pneumonia? o Those in their 20s and 0s and generally health o Those who exercise regular and not exposed to pathogens 2 o Those who are hospitalized and immunocompromised o Those who have adequate respiratory function