Organic compounds and their reactions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d57yhp
1. hydrolysis re- - halogen-carbon bonds can be broken by a water mole-
action with cule
haloalkanes - this is called a hydrolysis reaction
- the product is an alcohol and and acid
- the rate of the reaction can be measured using silver
chloride to see how fast the halide ion is produced
2. test for the halide - add silver chloride and results are:
ions white = chlorine
cream = bromine
yellow = iodine
3. hydrolysis of - a form of nucleophilic substitution
haloalkane equa-
tion
4. haloalkane bond
enthalpies
5. trends in - rate of hydrolysis increases as the strength of the bond
haloalkane bond decreases
enthalpies - carbon-halogen bond strength decreases as you go
down the group
- C-I bond is the weakest so is broken faster so there is a
faster rate of reaction
6. nucleophilic sub-
stitution
7. nucleophile - an atom or group of atoms which is attracted to an elec-
tron deficient (positively charged) centre or atom, where it
donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
e.g. Cl{, F{, OH{, :NHƒ, H‚O (one of the lone pairs in oxyge
for water)
8.
1/9
, Organic compounds and their reactions
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nucleophilic sub- - The C-Cl bond is polarised due to a difference in elec-
stitution mecha- tronegativity
nism - The nucleophile (-OH) attacks the carbon on the opposite
side to the chlorine.
- This minimises repulsion between the ´-chlorine and the
nucleophile
- The lone pair of electrons on the hydroxide is attracted
to the ´+carbon
- A new bond is formed between the oxygen atom and the
carbon atom
- The carbon halogen bond breaks by heterolytic fission
9. Nucleophilic nucleophilic substitution mechanism
substitution
diagram
10. polyamide with - one monomer with an amine and a carboxylic acid at
one monomer either end
- acyl chlorides can be used instead of COOH group but
form HCL not water in the reaction
11. polyamide with - two monomers as a diamine and a dicarboxylic
two monomers
- diacyl chlorides can be used instead of COOH group but
form HCL not water in the reaction
12. aicd hydrolysis reagents: hot H+/H2O
of polyamide reforms the original monomers
13. alkali hydrolysis reagents: hot NaOH/H2O
of polyamide H on the OH of the carboxylic acid is replaced by Na
forming an ionic bond
14. carboxylic acid - COOH functional group
properties and - soluble in water
uses - can make esters
- acidic
- naming: ethanoic acid, propanoic acid etc
2/9
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d57yhp
1. hydrolysis re- - halogen-carbon bonds can be broken by a water mole-
action with cule
haloalkanes - this is called a hydrolysis reaction
- the product is an alcohol and and acid
- the rate of the reaction can be measured using silver
chloride to see how fast the halide ion is produced
2. test for the halide - add silver chloride and results are:
ions white = chlorine
cream = bromine
yellow = iodine
3. hydrolysis of - a form of nucleophilic substitution
haloalkane equa-
tion
4. haloalkane bond
enthalpies
5. trends in - rate of hydrolysis increases as the strength of the bond
haloalkane bond decreases
enthalpies - carbon-halogen bond strength decreases as you go
down the group
- C-I bond is the weakest so is broken faster so there is a
faster rate of reaction
6. nucleophilic sub-
stitution
7. nucleophile - an atom or group of atoms which is attracted to an elec-
tron deficient (positively charged) centre or atom, where it
donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
e.g. Cl{, F{, OH{, :NHƒ, H‚O (one of the lone pairs in oxyge
for water)
8.
1/9
, Organic compounds and their reactions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d57yhp
nucleophilic sub- - The C-Cl bond is polarised due to a difference in elec-
stitution mecha- tronegativity
nism - The nucleophile (-OH) attacks the carbon on the opposite
side to the chlorine.
- This minimises repulsion between the ´-chlorine and the
nucleophile
- The lone pair of electrons on the hydroxide is attracted
to the ´+carbon
- A new bond is formed between the oxygen atom and the
carbon atom
- The carbon halogen bond breaks by heterolytic fission
9. Nucleophilic nucleophilic substitution mechanism
substitution
diagram
10. polyamide with - one monomer with an amine and a carboxylic acid at
one monomer either end
- acyl chlorides can be used instead of COOH group but
form HCL not water in the reaction
11. polyamide with - two monomers as a diamine and a dicarboxylic
two monomers
- diacyl chlorides can be used instead of COOH group but
form HCL not water in the reaction
12. aicd hydrolysis reagents: hot H+/H2O
of polyamide reforms the original monomers
13. alkali hydrolysis reagents: hot NaOH/H2O
of polyamide H on the OH of the carboxylic acid is replaced by Na
forming an ionic bond
14. carboxylic acid - COOH functional group
properties and - soluble in water
uses - can make esters
- acidic
- naming: ethanoic acid, propanoic acid etc
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