Nurs 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm with highlighted accurate solutions available and graded A+

Describe the extrinsic activation in apoptosis - ANSExtracellular signaling binds to the receptors on the surface of the cell (TNF) which activates intracellular apoptotic enzymes Describe the intrinsic activation in apoptosis - ANSMitchondria activated Cytochrome-C Proteins trigger the intracellular apoptotic enzymes Triggered by the lack of ATP Describe the steps of apoptosis - ANS1. Nucleus condenses and DNA clumps 2. DNA is enzymatically digested into uniform segments and length 3. Nuclear membrane fragments and breaks off 4. Cell membrane shrinks 5. Apoptotic bodies: pieces of the cell blebs off in a uniform way 6. Apoptotic bodies are digested by macrophages Autophagy How does autophagy relate to obesity and metabolic disorders? - ANSAutophagy: the formation of a vacuole within a cell which breaks down its own cellular components Increased nutrition is thought to lead to suppressed autophagy-->Insulin IGF-1 effected-->decreased insulin sensitivity and increased metabolic dysfunction-->body requires more insulin and overworks the pancreas-->insulin resistance and DMII Causes cardiomyopathy Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the liver Ras Protein - ANSProtein that transmits signals to regulate cell growth, promotes continued cell growth when mutated, site of a lot of cancers Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) - ANSA receptor, promotes cell growth when mutated, target of some cancer treatments Why are oncogenes considered "gain of function" genes? - ANSThey gain the ability to grow uncontrollably when the factors that usually regulate them mutate Why are tumor suppressor genes a "loss of function" mutation? What gene usually halts the cell cycle when DNA is damaged? What gene usually stops the cycle in G1? - ANSThey lose the ability to turn off cells and inhibit cell division