BIO 202L LAB 14- THE URINARY SYSTEM

1. What is the function of the ureter? The function of the ureter is to transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. 2. Compare and contrast the male and female urethra. The main difference is that male’s urethra is longer than females, males have three named regions on females have none, males have less bacterial infection compare to women, male urethra is used for both urination and reproductive function whereas females only use it for urination. The main similarities are that the urethra is used for urination, they both have sphincter that controls movement of urine. 3. Describe the two layers of the kidneys. The two layers of the kidney includes the outer most renal fascia and the inner most renal capsule which separates into two: The renal capsule which is a thick fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney. Adipose capsule provides some protection from trauma and damage Experiment 1: Kidney Filtration Table 1: Solutions Present in Each Container Before 60 Minutes Submersion Solution Dialysis Tubing Beaker Congo Red Positive Negative Yellow Food Coloring Positive Negative Table 2: Solutions Present in Each Container After 60 Minutes Submersion Solution Dialysis Tubing Beaker Congo Red Positive Negative Solution Dialysis Tubing Beaker Yellow Food Coloring Negative Positive Post-Lab Questions ”1. What specific part of the kidney does the dialysis tubing represent? What is this part’s function?” The dialysis tubing represents the “U- Shaped Tubule” part of the kidney. This is part of the nephron - filtration unit of the kidney. This allows entry and exit of various ions in water. ”2. What does the yellow food coloring represent at the end of the experiment? What does the Congo Red represent? ” The yellow food coloring part represent urine filtered out from the dialysis bag in the beaker. The Congo red represent blood remaining inside the dialysis bag. ”3. Why is it important that the kidney filters the blood? ” One of the functions of the kidney is to filter water soluble waste products from the blood. The blood is regulated by different electrolytes and the kidney maintains all of this. It is important that the kidney filters the blood because if some of these wastes enter the bloodstream it could cause serious illnesses, which can even lead to death. Experiment 2: Urinalysis Table 3: Urine Test Test Normal Abnormal pH 4.5 - 7.5 Acidic Urine (below 4.5) - Diabetes, starvation, dehydration, respiratory acidosis. Alkaline Urine (above 7.5) - Kidney disease, kidney failure, urinary tract infection, respiratory alkalosis. Glucose None Glucose present (red or green color after test); diabetes mellitus. Protein None Protein present (violet color after test); kidney disease. Yeast None Yeast present (bubbles form after test); yeast infection in urinary tract. Test Normal Abnormal Ketones Little or None Large amount of ketones present (sweet smell of urine); starvation, prolonged vomiting, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and other metabolic disorders. Table 4: Simulated Urine pH Test Simulated Urine Sample pH A 7 B 4 C 6 D 8 Table 5: Simulated Urine Glucose Test Simulated Urine Sample Color Before Hot Water Bath Color After Hot Water Bath A Green Green B Green Cinnamon brown C Green Light creamy green D Green Green Table 6: Simulated Urine Protein Test Simulated Urine Sample Color Before Biuret Solution Color After Biuret Solution A Light yellow Light dark yellow B Light yellow Light citrus yellow C Light yellow Light dark yellow D Light yellow Light citrus yellow Table 7: Simulated Urine Yeast Test Simulated Urine Sample Bubbles Before Hydrogen Peroxide? Bubbles After Hydrogen Peroxide? A 3 small bubbles Few present bubbles B No bubbles No bubbles C Lots of bubbles More bubbles D No bubbles No bubbles Table 8: Simulated Urine Ketone Test Simulated Urine Sample Odor Observation A Sweet smell of urine B Little smells C Little smells D No odor detected Fill in Tables 9 through 12. Refer to Table 3 to determine if each result was normal or abnormal. If abnormal, include the data which indicates this (e.g., a pH of 3.2 means that glucose is present). Using the test results from each of the urine samples, diagnose the condition(s), if any, that each of the sample patients is experiencing. Table 9: Sample A Test Test Results pH normal Glucose Abnormal because color was green which indicates glucose presence. Protein normal Yeast Abnormal, bubbles formed, yeast present Ketones Abnormal there was a large amount of ketones present Table 10: Sample B Test Test Results pH Normal Glucose Abnormal because color was light brown which indicates glucose presence. Protein Normal ( would be considered abnormal if It color turn violet) Yeast Normal Ketones Normal Table 11: Sample C Test Test Results pH Normal Glucose Abnormal because color was green which indicates glucose presence. Protein Normal ( would be considered abnormal if It color turn violet) Yeast Abnormal, bubbles formed, yeast present Ketones Normal Table 12: Sample D Test Test Results pH Abnormal (have Alkaline Urine) Glucose Abnormal because color was green which indicates glucose presence. Protein Normal ( would be considered abnormal if It color turn violet) Test Test Results Yeast Normal Ketones Normal Post-Lab Questions ”1. Using the results from each urine sample, along with Table 3, diagnose the condition(s), if any, that each sample patient is experiencing. Table 9 Diagnosis: Patient A is the most sick. Her Glucose test, Yeast test, and ketone test results are abnormal and points towards Diabetes mellitus, yeast infection in their urinary tract, starvation, prolonged vomiting, and could have other metabolic disorders. Table 10 Diagnosis: Patient B Glucose test result are abnormal and points towards Diabetes mellitus. Table 11 Diagnosis: Patient C Glucose test and Yeast test result are abnormal and points towards Diabetes mellitus and the patient also has yeast infection in their urinary tract. Table 12 Diagnosis: Patient D Glucose test and Ph test result are abnormal and points towards Diabetes mellitus. 2. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with high level of glucose, ketones and an acidic pH, what diagnosis would you immediately look into? ” The most common cause of high-level glucose is diabetes. I will immediately do a urine analysis and if the result shows high level of glucose, ketones and an acidic pH this likely indicates that the patient has Diabetes. ”3. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with an alkaline pH and high levels of protein, what diagnosis would you immediately look into? I would immediately do a urinalysis test, and if the results come with an alkaline pH and high levels of protein this means that there is a defect in the kidney. Some other diagnosis that can be done are a blood test, imaging test, and a kidney biopsy. ”4. What other conditions can urine be used to test for? ” Urine can be used to test UTI, cardiovascular disorders, pregnancy, nephritis and many other. Experiment 3: Virtual Model – The Urinary System