Unit 8- Physiology of Human Body Systems
Introduction
In this assignment I will do all the following:
Explaining the functional role of the musculoskeletal system in the human body.
Describe the effect of disorders of muscles and joints and possible corrective
treatment(s).
Compare how disorders of the musculoskeletal system can affect how muscles
bring about movement of joints and the importance of corrective treatment.
Evaluate the effect of corrective treatment(s) associated with a musculoskeletal
disorder.
This is a report on the disorders on the muscular skeletal system and to inform the
employees in the company about the various types of muscular diseases a person can get
and how to manage them through various treatments. The company put this on due to the
type of business they do (fitness company) is more prone to muscular skeletal diseases due
to the strain the employees put on their tendons, ligaments, and cartilage therefore they
are more prone to muscular diseases. The company hopes that by creating this report it will
reduce absences by expediting employees return to work in the shortest time possible.
Introduction of the Muscular and skeletal system
Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on the planet due to them
consisting of billions of microscopic parts, each with their own specific function, they work
together in an organized manner to create a specific movement such as digestion,
movement, inhalation etc…
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibres. Their main
function is to contractibility muscles, attach to bones or internal organs and as well as blood
vessels. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. However, there
are exceptions to this these include the following:
Cilia
Flagellum
Amoeboid movement of white blood cells.
The integrated action of bones, joints and skeletal muscles produces movement such as
walking or running. The skeletal muscles also produce more subtle movements that produce
various eye movements, facial expressions and as-well as respiration. In addition to
movement, muscle contraction also fulfils other important functions in the body such as
posture, joint stability, and internal heat production. Posture, such as standing and sitting is
maintained because of muscle contraction. The skeletal muscles are continuously making
fine adjustments that hold the body in stationary positions. The tendons of many muscles
extend over joints and in this way contribute to the joint being stabilised. This occurs most
commonly in the knee and the shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in
stabilising the joint. Heat production is in place to maintain body temperature and is an
,important by-product of muscle metabolism. 85% of the heat produced in the body is the
result of muscle contraction.
What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system is your body’s central framework. It consists of bones and connective
tissue this consist of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. It is also often referred to the
musculoskeletal system.
What does the skeletal system do?
The skeletal system has Nemours functions. Besides giving us our homo sapiens shape and
features, it also does the following:
Allows movement
The skeleton supports the person’s body weight to help you stand and move. Joints, connective
tissue, and muscles all work together to allow for movement.
Stores minerals
Bones hold the body’s supply of minerals such as calcium and vitamin D to be transported where
needed.
Produces blood cells
Bones contain bone marrow. Red and white blood is produced in the bone marrow and this allows
for transportation of the minerals throughout the body.
Protects and supports organs
The skeletal system is a major part in protection against your vital organs due to bones being so
dense. The strongest bone in the body, the femur, can hold roughly 30x a person’s body weight or
roughly 6,000 lbs (2.7 tonne’s)
Structure of
the human
skeletal
system
The
most
apparent
functions of skeletal system are the gross functions- these are ones in which are visible by
observation. Simply by observing an individual you could see how the bones support,
,facilitate movement, and protect the human body from damage. Without the skeletal
system a person would be a limp mass of orans, muscle and skin.
The skeletal system involves all the bones in the body, including cartilage, ligaments, and
joints which gives crucial functions for the human body. The skeletal system has 5 major
functions which are the following.
Protection, movement, and support
When a person moves can sense how the bones support the person, facilitates movement, and
protects the vital organs of the human body from external damage. The cartilage and the bones are
the scaffolding to support the weight of the whole body. Bones gives the facility of movement by
serving as points of attachment for your muscles. Bones also have the function of protecting vital
organs from injury by surrounding or protect them like the cranium protecting the brain (see Fig.2),
or the ribs protecting the lungs and the heart. Protection, Movement, and support all play a vital role
in the musculoskeletal system as they allow for the following: protection and movement of the body
making a person perform tasks such as walking. This contributes massively to the musculoskeletal
system due to the it is allowing for movement and stability of the human body.
Mineral and fat storage, blood cell formation
The tissue of the bone has multiple functions. The bone stores some important minerals, mainly
calcium and phosphorus. The minerals in the bone tissue, can be released into the bloodstream to
keep the levels needed to keep the physiological processes. Calcium, for example is needed for
muscle contractions and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Bones also store fat and
the production of blood cells. The connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is known as
bone marrow. There are two types of bone marrow, these include: red bone marrow and yellow
bone marrow. Production of the blood cells takes place in the red bone marrow and is used to
transport minerals where needed in the body. Platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells are all
produced in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and the fat stored
in the adipocytes of this tissue can be released to act as a source of energy for the body. As people
age, the distribution of red and yellow bone marrow changes. Mineral storage and blood cell
formation contributes to the function of the musculoskeletal system by firstly, allowing for mineral
storage for future use in the body system. And the blood cell production allows for transports of
oxygen to the body’s tissue in exchange for carbon dioxide. So, they are majorly important part of
respiration and inhalation and therefore contribute massively for the musculoskeletal system.
Attachment for skeletal muscle
The skeletal system is one of the three major muscle types in the human body, the others being
cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is a form a striated muscle tissue which is under
the “voluntary” control of the nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bone via
bundles of collagen fibres, these are known as tendons. They all produce all movements of body
parts in relation to each other. Skeletal muscle attaches to bone, however sometimes it can attach
other muscles and or tissue, at two or more places. If the place is on the bone that moves during the
action, the attachment is called an insertion. If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an
action, the attachment is called an origin. This contributes to the function of the musculoskeletal
system because it allows for movement via connecting the muscles to bones.
The main parts of the muscular system
, Axial skeleton
The function of the axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the spinal cord, brain, and
the organs in the ventral body cavity. It provides a surface for the attachment of muscles that move
the head, neck, it also performs respiratory movements such as inspiration and exhalation, and it
also stabilizes parts of the appendicular skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is comprised of bones of the upper limbs (which primary function is to
manipulate and grasp objects) and the lower limbs (which allow for movement). It also includes the
shoulder girdle and pectoral girdle. These attaches the upper limbs of the body to the skeleton to
perform movement and the pelvic girdle that attaches the lower limbs to the body to allow for
movement of the legs and feet.
The Bone
At birth, a normal baby contains about 270 soft bones. However, whilst growing up into adolescence
some bones become fused to elongate the person and become stronger. A typical human adult
contains 206 bones. Out of the 206 bones the femur is the largest bone in the body and the smallest
bone in the human body is in the middle ear and it has a length of 3mm long.
What are the Bones made from?
The bones are mainly made of collagen this is a protein made from amino acids, specifically glycine,
proline, hydroxyproline and arginine. Collagen provides a soft framework; however, Calcium
phosphate is what gives the bone its strength and it hardens the framework to become dense and
able to withstand lots of pressure and weight.
Bone types
The bones of the skeletal system are classified into 5 types these include: long, short, flat, sesamoid,
and irregular.
Long bones
Long bones form the limbs and are cylinders of hard bone with marrow inside
that narrow in the middle and have “heads” at each end. The wide ends provide
more solidity, increasing movement and greater leverage to the joints. Examples
of the long bones include the humerus, femur and radius.
Short bones
Short bones are about as long as they are wide, they provide stability and support as well as limited
movement. They are only found in the ankle and the wrist joints in the form of the 8 carpel bones
and 7 tarsal bones. An example of a short bones include:
Example of carpal bones in the wrists:
Lunate
Scaphoid
Hamate
Pisiform
Introduction
In this assignment I will do all the following:
Explaining the functional role of the musculoskeletal system in the human body.
Describe the effect of disorders of muscles and joints and possible corrective
treatment(s).
Compare how disorders of the musculoskeletal system can affect how muscles
bring about movement of joints and the importance of corrective treatment.
Evaluate the effect of corrective treatment(s) associated with a musculoskeletal
disorder.
This is a report on the disorders on the muscular skeletal system and to inform the
employees in the company about the various types of muscular diseases a person can get
and how to manage them through various treatments. The company put this on due to the
type of business they do (fitness company) is more prone to muscular skeletal diseases due
to the strain the employees put on their tendons, ligaments, and cartilage therefore they
are more prone to muscular diseases. The company hopes that by creating this report it will
reduce absences by expediting employees return to work in the shortest time possible.
Introduction of the Muscular and skeletal system
Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on the planet due to them
consisting of billions of microscopic parts, each with their own specific function, they work
together in an organized manner to create a specific movement such as digestion,
movement, inhalation etc…
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibres. Their main
function is to contractibility muscles, attach to bones or internal organs and as well as blood
vessels. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. However, there
are exceptions to this these include the following:
Cilia
Flagellum
Amoeboid movement of white blood cells.
The integrated action of bones, joints and skeletal muscles produces movement such as
walking or running. The skeletal muscles also produce more subtle movements that produce
various eye movements, facial expressions and as-well as respiration. In addition to
movement, muscle contraction also fulfils other important functions in the body such as
posture, joint stability, and internal heat production. Posture, such as standing and sitting is
maintained because of muscle contraction. The skeletal muscles are continuously making
fine adjustments that hold the body in stationary positions. The tendons of many muscles
extend over joints and in this way contribute to the joint being stabilised. This occurs most
commonly in the knee and the shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in
stabilising the joint. Heat production is in place to maintain body temperature and is an
,important by-product of muscle metabolism. 85% of the heat produced in the body is the
result of muscle contraction.
What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system is your body’s central framework. It consists of bones and connective
tissue this consist of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. It is also often referred to the
musculoskeletal system.
What does the skeletal system do?
The skeletal system has Nemours functions. Besides giving us our homo sapiens shape and
features, it also does the following:
Allows movement
The skeleton supports the person’s body weight to help you stand and move. Joints, connective
tissue, and muscles all work together to allow for movement.
Stores minerals
Bones hold the body’s supply of minerals such as calcium and vitamin D to be transported where
needed.
Produces blood cells
Bones contain bone marrow. Red and white blood is produced in the bone marrow and this allows
for transportation of the minerals throughout the body.
Protects and supports organs
The skeletal system is a major part in protection against your vital organs due to bones being so
dense. The strongest bone in the body, the femur, can hold roughly 30x a person’s body weight or
roughly 6,000 lbs (2.7 tonne’s)
Structure of
the human
skeletal
system
The
most
apparent
functions of skeletal system are the gross functions- these are ones in which are visible by
observation. Simply by observing an individual you could see how the bones support,
,facilitate movement, and protect the human body from damage. Without the skeletal
system a person would be a limp mass of orans, muscle and skin.
The skeletal system involves all the bones in the body, including cartilage, ligaments, and
joints which gives crucial functions for the human body. The skeletal system has 5 major
functions which are the following.
Protection, movement, and support
When a person moves can sense how the bones support the person, facilitates movement, and
protects the vital organs of the human body from external damage. The cartilage and the bones are
the scaffolding to support the weight of the whole body. Bones gives the facility of movement by
serving as points of attachment for your muscles. Bones also have the function of protecting vital
organs from injury by surrounding or protect them like the cranium protecting the brain (see Fig.2),
or the ribs protecting the lungs and the heart. Protection, Movement, and support all play a vital role
in the musculoskeletal system as they allow for the following: protection and movement of the body
making a person perform tasks such as walking. This contributes massively to the musculoskeletal
system due to the it is allowing for movement and stability of the human body.
Mineral and fat storage, blood cell formation
The tissue of the bone has multiple functions. The bone stores some important minerals, mainly
calcium and phosphorus. The minerals in the bone tissue, can be released into the bloodstream to
keep the levels needed to keep the physiological processes. Calcium, for example is needed for
muscle contractions and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Bones also store fat and
the production of blood cells. The connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is known as
bone marrow. There are two types of bone marrow, these include: red bone marrow and yellow
bone marrow. Production of the blood cells takes place in the red bone marrow and is used to
transport minerals where needed in the body. Platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells are all
produced in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and the fat stored
in the adipocytes of this tissue can be released to act as a source of energy for the body. As people
age, the distribution of red and yellow bone marrow changes. Mineral storage and blood cell
formation contributes to the function of the musculoskeletal system by firstly, allowing for mineral
storage for future use in the body system. And the blood cell production allows for transports of
oxygen to the body’s tissue in exchange for carbon dioxide. So, they are majorly important part of
respiration and inhalation and therefore contribute massively for the musculoskeletal system.
Attachment for skeletal muscle
The skeletal system is one of the three major muscle types in the human body, the others being
cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is a form a striated muscle tissue which is under
the “voluntary” control of the nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bone via
bundles of collagen fibres, these are known as tendons. They all produce all movements of body
parts in relation to each other. Skeletal muscle attaches to bone, however sometimes it can attach
other muscles and or tissue, at two or more places. If the place is on the bone that moves during the
action, the attachment is called an insertion. If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an
action, the attachment is called an origin. This contributes to the function of the musculoskeletal
system because it allows for movement via connecting the muscles to bones.
The main parts of the muscular system
, Axial skeleton
The function of the axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the spinal cord, brain, and
the organs in the ventral body cavity. It provides a surface for the attachment of muscles that move
the head, neck, it also performs respiratory movements such as inspiration and exhalation, and it
also stabilizes parts of the appendicular skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is comprised of bones of the upper limbs (which primary function is to
manipulate and grasp objects) and the lower limbs (which allow for movement). It also includes the
shoulder girdle and pectoral girdle. These attaches the upper limbs of the body to the skeleton to
perform movement and the pelvic girdle that attaches the lower limbs to the body to allow for
movement of the legs and feet.
The Bone
At birth, a normal baby contains about 270 soft bones. However, whilst growing up into adolescence
some bones become fused to elongate the person and become stronger. A typical human adult
contains 206 bones. Out of the 206 bones the femur is the largest bone in the body and the smallest
bone in the human body is in the middle ear and it has a length of 3mm long.
What are the Bones made from?
The bones are mainly made of collagen this is a protein made from amino acids, specifically glycine,
proline, hydroxyproline and arginine. Collagen provides a soft framework; however, Calcium
phosphate is what gives the bone its strength and it hardens the framework to become dense and
able to withstand lots of pressure and weight.
Bone types
The bones of the skeletal system are classified into 5 types these include: long, short, flat, sesamoid,
and irregular.
Long bones
Long bones form the limbs and are cylinders of hard bone with marrow inside
that narrow in the middle and have “heads” at each end. The wide ends provide
more solidity, increasing movement and greater leverage to the joints. Examples
of the long bones include the humerus, femur and radius.
Short bones
Short bones are about as long as they are wide, they provide stability and support as well as limited
movement. They are only found in the ankle and the wrist joints in the form of the 8 carpel bones
and 7 tarsal bones. An example of a short bones include:
Example of carpal bones in the wrists:
Lunate
Scaphoid
Hamate
Pisiform
