Praxis Pathology Speech Language Exam with Complete Solutions

7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Saccral 3-4 Coccygeal - ANSWER-Vertibral Column 8-9 weeks - ANSWER-When Hard Palate forms in utero ABAB Treatment Design - ANSWER-A is baseline and B is treatment Abducens - ANSWER-Cranial nerve VI, Motor, Eye movement Absolute Threshold - ANSWER-The point at which we detect a stimulus 50% of the time Achalasia - ANSWER-Defined as the lack of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and the presence of abnormal motility in the remainder of the esophagus. Diagnosed using manometry or VFSS. Acoustic Immitance - ANSWER-Transfer of acoustic energy through the middle ear; resistance is impedance and admittance is a measure of amount of energy that flows through the system; tympanometry is the procedure used to measure Acoustic or Vestibulocochlear - ANSWER-Cranial nerve VIII, Sensory, Hearing and Balance Adaptation Effect - ANSWER-Systematic reduction in the frequency of stuttering when a short passage is repeatedly read aloud; by 5th reading most reduction in dysfluent speech has occurred Afferent - ANSWER-Sensory - carries information to the brain Agnosia - ANSWER-Disorder of recognition; auditory, visual, tactile, and facial recognition Allomorph - ANSWER-Same meaning but different sound; example boxes (z) cats (s) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS - ANSWER-A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons and therefore voluntary muscle action progressively affected, people may lose the ability to speak, eat, move and breathe. Angelman Syndrome - ANSWER-Normal appearance; Syndrome presenting with seizures, stiff jerky gait, laughter/happy demeanor, excitable personality, hand-flapping; caused by chromosome 15 deleted from the mother or duplicated from the father Angular Gyrus - ANSWER-In the parietal lobe posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; near the superior edge of the temporal lobe; controls complex language functions (i.e. reading, writing and interpretation of what is written). Lesion to this part of the brain cause finger tap agnosia, alexia (inability to read), acalculia (inability to use arithmetic operations), agraphia (inability to copy), and left-right confusion. Anklyosis - ANSWER-Stiffening of the joints and the movement of the arytenoids; caused by arthritis or cancer Anterior Cerebral Artery - ANSWER-Artery that supplies the Basal Ganglia and Corpus Callosum Anterior Faucial Pillars - ANSWER-Glossopalatine; where swallowing reflex is triggered Aperiodic Sound Waves - ANSWER-Display of whispered speech on a spectrogram Apert Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with syndactyly (fused fingers), abnormal cranial bone growth, hearing loss, class III malocclusion, 25% of cases with cleft; caused by autosomal dominant mutations FGR2 at 10q25-26 Aphonic - ANSWER-Paralyzed lateral cricoarytenoid in an abducted position Arcuate Fasiculus - ANSWER-Association fibers; within a hemisphere; between Broca's and Wernicke's Articulation Disorders for Cleft Palate - ANSWER-Due to inadequate velopharyngeal closure; Hypernasality Nasal Emission Backing Substitution of glottal and pharyngeal stops Substitution of pharyngeal fricatives for normal fricatives Aryepiglottic Folds - ANSWER-Ring of connective tissue above the larynx that helps protect the airway Ataxic Dysarthria - ANSWER-Characterized by uncoordinated and reduced muscle tone; explosive speech; caused by cerebellar damage Athetoid Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER-Slow, writhing, involuntary movements Aural Reflex - ANSWER-Occurs when the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles contract around 65-90 dB to protect the the bones of the middle ear Bernoulli Effect - ANSWER-Increased speed of air through the vocal folds creating a sucking effect moving the vocal folds together Blom Singer Device - ANSWER-Tracheostomy patients can shunt air from the trachea to the esophagus for esophageal speech Bloodstein definition of stuttering - ANSWER-Stuttering is caused by any belief that speech is a difficult task resulting in tension and speech fragmentation; quantity and disruptive nature of dysfluencies is considered Bones that form the hard palate - ANSWER-Maxillae and palatine bones Broca's Aphasia - ANSWER-3rd frontal convolution; Brown's order of acquisition of morphemes - ANSWER--ing prepositions plural s irregular past tense posessive s articles past tense -ed regular third-person s irregular third person unconcractible auxiliary contractible copula contractible auxiliary Indicates semantic and syntactic complexity Brutten and Shoemaker's definition of stuttering - ANSWER-Part word and sound prolongations are a result of classically conditioned negative emotion. All other dysfluencies are due to operant conditioning Cachexia - ANSWER-Weakness and wasting of the body due to chronic illness Carhart Notch - ANSWER-Audiogram result typically found in patients with otosclerosis; bone conduction is within normal limits, but is reduced outside of normal limits at 2,000 Hz Case Study Design - ANSWER-Descriptive research where the researcher observes phenomena of interest and records their observations Cephalometric Assessment of Velopharyngeal Structures CAVS - ANSWER-Provides a ratio between the depth of the nasopharynx and the length of the soft palate; a ratio between 60-80 indicates adequate tissue for velopharyngeal closure for speech Cerebral Dominance Theory - ANSWER-Lack of unilateral dominance is the cause for stuttering Child Study Team - ANSWER-A multidisciplinary group of professionals typically employed by the board of education to provide parents and teachers with a variety of learning related services. Child with multiple speech-production errors - ANSWER-Delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs Choanal Atresia - ANSWER-A narrowing or blockage of the nasal airway by tissue. It is a congenital condition Chomsky Theory of Language Development - ANSWER-Nativist - language is species specific, and is an innate behavior in humans Choroid Plexus - ANSWER-Produces cerebrospinal fluid in the 3rd and 4th ventricles Coarticulation - ANSWER-Influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception. Two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds Code-switching - ANSWER-The use of more than one language in discourse Cohesion - ANSWER-Ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another Complex Tone - ANSWER-When two or more sounds of different frequencies are combined; can be periodic or aperiodic Compression and Rarefaction - ANSWER-Two Parts of Sound Wave Concurrent Validity - ANSWER-A new test correlates with an established test Conduction Aphasia - ANSWER-Caused by lesion in Arcuate Fasciculus and supramarginal gyrus; connection between Broca's and Wernicke's area; characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation with a disproportionate impairment in repitition Construct Validity - ANSWER-Test scores are consistent with theoretical predictions Contact Ulcers - ANSWER-The posterior medial edge of the glottis is the usual site of occurrence Usually bilateral Pain is a common and usually the first complaint Hoarseness is not a major or first complaint Chronic stress and hard-driving personality is common Content Validity - ANSWER-Test measures what it purports to measure; is based on expert judgment Continuous reinforcement - ANSWER-Use when training the learning of a new behavior Corpus Callosum - ANSWER-Commisural fibers that join the two cerebral hemispheres Corpus Striatum - ANSWER-Globus Pallidus, Putamen, Caudate Neucleus; these three nuclei are part of the basal ganglia Cover-body Theory of Phonation - ANSWER-The epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body" which is made up of the remainder of the intermediate layer, the deep layer, and the Thyroarytenoid muscle Cri du Chat Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with low set ears, narrow oral cavity, laryngeal hypoplasia, hypertelorism (space between the eyes), micrognathia, oral clefts, baby's cry sounds like a cat; caused by absence of the short arm of 5th chromosome Cricopharyngeus Muscle - ANSWER-Name of the muscle aslo known as the upper esophageal sphincter located at the level of the cricoid cartilage Cross-Sectional Studies - ANSWER-The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature. Crouzon Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with Craniosynostosis - early fusion of the cranial bones, small maxillary structure, hypertelorism, protrusion of eyeballs, strabismus, parrot like nose, malocclusion class III; caused by autosomal dominant inheritance Cul-de-sac Resonance - ANSWER-Produced by the backward retraction of the tongue; typically seen in profoundly hearing impaired or neurologically impaired people Dactylology - ANSWER-The use of the fingers and hands to communicate and convey ideas, as in the manual alphabet used by hearing-impaired and speech-impaired people Damage to the Superior Laryngeal Nerve - ANSWER-Inability to cough or clear throat intentionally, gurgly voice Degree of loss based on Pure Tone Audiometry - ANSWER-Normal -15 - 25dB Mild 26-40 dB Moderate 41-55 dB Moderate-Severe 56-70 dB Severe 71-90 dB Profound 91+dB Delayed Auditory Feedback and Adaptation - ANSWER-Two treatment approaches that do not increase fluency in neurogenic stuttering Demands and Capacities Model - ANSWER-Model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter Dependent Variable - ANSWER-The effect; experimenter cannot control; is always the disorder. For example, hoarseness, amount of stuttering, number of errors Developmental Stuttering - ANSWER-Most common type of fluency disorder Diencephalon - ANSWER-Made up of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus; motor and sensory integration Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors - ANSWER-Specifying one behavior that will not be reinforced, while reinforcing many unspecified desirable behaviors Diminutization - ANSWER-Adding /i/ to target word; /dagi/ for /dag/ Direct Stuttering Reduction Method - ANSWER-Time-out - stop talking for five seconds when a dysfluency occurs Response cost - tokens are give for fluent speech and taken away for dysfluencies Direct Stuttering Reduction Technique - ANSWER-Reduce stuttering directly without teaching specific fluency skills or modifying stuttering into less abnormal forms. Uses Time-out and Response cost - giving/taking tokens for fluent/dysfluent speech Discrete Trial Procedure - ANSWER-Most researched procedure; useful in establishing skills, but may not promote generalization Discrete Trial Teaching - ANSWER-1. Breaking skills down into component parts 2. Teaching each skill component until mastery is attained 3. Intensive teaching sessions 4. Using prompts as needed and fading prompts as appropriate 5. Using reinforcement strategies to increase skills Disorders of Oral Phase of Swallow - ANSWER-Mainly due to an anterior, as opposed to a posterior, tongue movement Distinctive feature - minimal word pairs - ANSWER-Linguistic approaches to the treatment of sound-production errors in children are based on the notion that the errors are systematic and rule-based and that the goal of treatment is to modify a child's rule system to approximate the rule system used by adults Distinctive Feature Approach - ANSWER-Linguistic treatment approach to disordered sound production; train one sound in the pattern so generalization to other sounds will occur; minimal pairs is used in this approach example: tea-sea Down Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with midface dysplasia, shortened oral/pharyngeal structures, large tongue, short neck and excess skin at the back of the neck, cardiac malformations; caused by extra chromosome 21 resulting in 47 instead of 46 chromosomes Duration of the preceding vowel - ANSWER-The most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" versus "cab" Dynamic Assessment - ANSWER-Test-teach-retest format to assess how quickly or well material presented can be learned Dysphagia Lusoria (or Bayford-Autenrieth dysphagia) - ANSWER-Abnormal condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing caused by aberrant right subclavian artery Efferent - ANSWER-Motor - a nerve that carries information away from the brain Embolus - ANSWER-Moving bloodclot Ependyma (glial) Cells - ANSWER-Produce cerebrospinal fluid Epinthesis - ANSWER-Addition of the schwa sound Ex Post Facto Research - ANSWER-A retrospective search for causes or events Expansion - ANSWER-Clinician expands telegraphic speech into a more grammatically complete utterance. Simple addition of verb or action. Extension - ANSWER-Clinician comments on child's utterance and adds new relevant information of semantic and grammatical information. More complex addition of verb, adjectives, pronouns, action. External Intercostals - ANSWER-Muscles of inhalation; 11 pairs; raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation Extrapyramidal System - ANSWER-Composed of different subcortical nuclei including the red nucleus, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, subthalamus, and the pathways that connect these structures to each other. It is an indirect activation system that maintains posture and tone, and regulates movement. Damage causes involuntary movement disorders. F1 and F2 - ANSWER-Vowel frequencies; represents tongue height and tongue advancement anterior to posterior Facial - ANSWER-Cranial nerve VII, Both, Tongue (Sensory) Face (Motor) Fast Mapping - ANSWER-Ability to learn a new word on the basis of a few exposures to it First grammatical morpheme used by a child - ANSWER--ing Flaccid Dysarthria - ANSWER-Caused by cranial nerve damage; lesion in the LMN; hypernasality a common characteristic; lack of innervation may cause fasciculations, especially in the tongue; breathy or strangles sounding speech depending if the VF abductors or adductors are affected Fluency Reinforcement Method - ANSWER-Stuttering treatment for young children; slower rate of speech and reinforcement Fluency Shaping Treatment - ANSWER-Airflow management Easy onset Reduced rate Reintroduce normal prosodic features Maintenance Fluent Stuttering Treatment - ANSWER-Developed by VanRiper Identify Desensitize Modify reduce avoidance cancellations - pause and say again more relaxed pull-outs - change stutter mid-course preparatory sets - changing manner of stutter to a less abnormal dysfluency Form myelin in the CNS - ANSWER-Oligodendrocytes Forms Myelin in the PNS - ANSWER-Schwann cells Four muscles of Velopharyngeal Closure - ANSWER-Levator Veli Palatini - elevates soft palate Tensor Veli Palatini - tenses soft palate Palatoglossus - soft palate depression Palatopharyngeus - helps propel the bolus Fragile X Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with large forehead, poorly formed pinna, intellectual disability; caused by the expansion of the nucleic acid cytosine, guanine, guanine (CGG) which repeats too often on FMR1 on bottom of X chromosome Frequency range of human hearing - ANSWER-20-20,000 Hz Functional Communication Profile - ANSWER-Developed by Sarno and assesses residual language function and functional communication Fundamental Frequency - ANSWER-Lowest frequency of a periodic wave; first harmonic Genioglossus - ANSWER-Major tongue muscle Glossopharyngeal - ANSWER-Cranial nerve IX, Both, Tongue and Pharynx (sensory), Pharynx (motor) Granuloma - ANSWER-Localized, inflammatory, vascular lesion; typically develop on arytenoid cartilage; caused by vocal abuse, intubation, reflux; sound breathy and hoarse; treated with surgery or voice therapy Guillain-Barre Syndrome - ANSWER-A rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. Many experience changes in sensation or develop pain, followed by muscle weakness beginning in the feet and hands. The symptoms develop over half a day to two weeks. During the acute phase, the disorder can be life-threatening with about a quarter developing weakness of the breathing muscles and requiring mechanical ventilation. Some are affected by changes in the function of the autonomic nervous system, which can lead to dangerous abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure. This autoimmune disease is caused by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking the peripheral nerves and damaging their myelin insulation. Sometimes this immune dysfunction is triggered by an infection. Halliday's seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age - ANSWER-Instrumental: uses language to express their needs (e.g. "Want juice") Regulatory: language is used to tell others what to do (e.g. "Go away") Interactional: language is used to make contact with others and form relationships (e.g. "Love you, Mummy") Personal: language to express feelings, opinions, and individual identity (e.g. "Me good girl") Heuristic: language is used to gain knowledge about the environment (e.g. 'What is the tractor doing?') Imaginative: language is used to tell stories and jokes, and to create an imaginary environment. Representational: The use of language to convey facts and information. Harmonics - ANSWER-Tones that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency Hawthorne Effect - ANSWER-A type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed Hemifacial Microsomia - ANSWER-Ear deformities and mandible maldevelopment; likely occurs during 6 to 8 week development period in utero Heuristic - ANSWER-Children's attempt to have their environment and events explained to them; "Why that?" Hodson and Paden's Cycles Approach - ANSWER-Designed to treat children with highly unintelligible speech; not focused on individual production/practice; auditory bombardment and repetition of cycles across several weeks Holophrastic Speech - ANSWER-Uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings Huntington's Disease - ANSWER-An inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. Has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders. Most people develop signs and symptoms in their 30s or 40s, but the onset of disease may be earlier or later in life. Medications are available to help manage the symptoms, but treatments can't prevent the physical, mental and behavioral decline associated with the condition. Hurler's Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with "Gargoylism", dwarfism, hunchback, intellectual disability; caused by autosomal recessive deficiency of X-L iduronidase. Rare occurence 1 in 10,000 births Hypoglossal - ANSWER-Cranial nerve XII, Motor, Tongue movement Hypokinetic Dysarthria - ANSWER-Characterized by a rush of rapid speech. This is the type of dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease Imprecise articulation - ANSWER-A characteristic of all forms of dysarthria Incidence - ANSWER-Rate of occurrence in a specified group; long term study Independent Variable - ANSWER-Directly manipulated by the experimenter Indirect Speech Acts - ANSWER-Pragmatic skill used to convey politeness; typically developed by age 6 Inductive Method - ANSWER-In the scientific method, it is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach. Infrahyoid Muscles thryrohyoid omohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid - ANSWER-Extrinsic laryngeal muscles; depress the larynx; muscles below the hyoid; TOSS Injection Method - ANSWER-Impound air into the oral cavity, pushes it back to the esophagus and vibrates the cricopharyngeus Integral Practice - ANSWER-Treatment approach to use simultaneous practice to bring to consciousness the look and sound of the target speech output Intermixed Probe - ANSWER-Assess trained and untrained stimulus Internal Intercostals - ANSWER-Muscles of exhalation; 11 pairs; pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation Internal Thyroarytenoids - ANSWER-Primary portion of the vocal folds which vibrates and produces sound Jitter - ANSWER-A voice disorder with hoarseness or tremor would show large amounts of________. Normal phonation of a sustained vowel occurs with less than 1% ________. Jitter - ANSWER-Variations in vocal frequency Johnson's Theory of Stuttering - ANSWER-Parents punish their children for normal dysfluencies and the child develops avoidance and apprehension Juncture - ANSWER-Vocal punctuation; intonation and pausing to differentiate I Scream and icecream Landau-Kleffner Syndrome - ANSWER-Childhood syndrome with sudden onset, language loss, seizures, and hyperactivity Language Performance and Competence - ANSWER-Allows those studying a language to differentiate between a speech error and not knowing something about the language Laryngeal Musculature - ANSWER-Interior Thryoarytenoid - adductor Lateral Cricoarytenoid - adductor Transverse Arytenoid - adductor Posterior Cricoarytenoid - abductor Cricothyroid - tenses and lengthens the VFs; this muscle affects the fundamental frequency (f0) the most Last 2 phonological processes to develop - ANSWER-Stopping of interdental fricatives and gliding of liquids Lateral and Anterior/Posterior - ANSWER-Available views of VFSS Less Common Words - ANSWER-Stuttering is more common on these types of words Leukoplakia - ANSWER-Benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa Levator Veli Palatini - ANSWER-Elevates the velum Lingual Frenulum - ANSWER-Where the tongue attaches to the mandible Location of Broca's Aphasia - ANSWER-Damage to Brodmann's Area 44 and 45 LSVT - ANSWER-Lee Silverman Voice Treatment Program an exclusive target on increasing amplitude - loudness in the speech; used for Parkinson's patients. Manometric Assessment - ANSWER-measures the pressure in the upper and lower esophagus sphincter Marfan Syndrome - ANSWER-Syndrome presenting with long fingers, restrictive lung disease; caused by autosomal dominant inheritance Masseter and Internal Pterygoid - ANSWER-Important muscles for chewing and rotary movement Maximum air-bone gap - ANSWER-60dB McDonald's Sensorimotor Treatment Approach to Speech Sound Disorder - ANSWER-Syllable is the basic unit of speech; bottom up approach; relies on coarticulation for correct production Mean Length Utterance MLU - ANSWER-Total number of morphemes divided by number of utterances; there is a high correlation between MLU and chronological age of the child. For example a 2 year old should have a MLU of 2. Medulla - ANSWER-Motor command pathway from cerebrum. Site of decussation. Location of cranial nerve nuclei for CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII. Mels Scale - ANSWER-Measures pitch