SLP Praxis Practice (Form 1) Exam 2023

Which of the following should be the primary focus of early language intervention for at-risk infants? A.Establishing object permanence through play activities B.Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning C.Creating readiness activities in the context of play D.Enhancing social communication through play activities - ANSWER-Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning The figure above shows the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal structures involved in swallowing. Which of the following best describes the transit of the bolus at the moment depicted in the figure? - ANSWER-B.The bolus is being propelled from the oral cavity by the tongue and has entered the pharynx. Primary motor innervation to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial nerve? - ANSWER-IX- Vagus Nerve Fela is a third-grade student in a public school. She is a speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) who has difficulty with the Standard American English (SAE) dialect used in her classroom. Her teacher believes that Fela's language skills are affecting her academic performance and has referred her to the school's speech-language pathologist. Which of the following is an appropriate rationale for providing language intervention for Fela? A.It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B.It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C.It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities. D.It will likely lead Fela to adopt SAE as her primary dialect. - ANSWER-Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. The intervention will foster better communication because Fela and her peers will have a common dialect. Also, the intervention will provide Fela with the ability to switch easily between dialects using SAE structures. Furthermore, being able to switch codes will enable Fela to participate in more educational and vocational opportunities. Federal laws regarding freedom of access to information stipulate that client records kept or written by health care professionals can be A.reviewed only by other health-care professionals B.reviewed only by the clients themselves unless the client provides written permission to share with others C.reviewed by anyone who submits a formal written request D.released only by subpoena - ANSWER-B.reviewed only by the clients themselves unless the client provides written permission to share with others To justify providing individual treatment for a 2½ year old with apraxia of speech, which of the following would be LEAST important for the SLP to include in the evaluation report? A.A description of the child's typical interaction with peers B.Relevant prognostic data C.Information about apraxia of speech D.A description of the language development of the child's older siblings - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. A description of the child's older siblings' language development does not provide the objective, documented evidence required to justify provision of treatment for a child of an age at which some unintelligibility would be typical. The speech reception threshold (SRT) is a basic component of an evaluation of hearing function. Which of the following statements about the SRT is most accurate? A.It is measured in decibels and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approximately 50% of the time. B.It makes use of test materials that are limited to monosyllabic words. C.It provides information on how well speech is understood at conversational levels. D.It is useful in validating acoustic intermittence measures - ANSWER-A.It is measured in decibels and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approximately 50% of the time. A clinician who employs active listening is doing which of the following? A.Responding to both the content and the affect of the client's remarks B.Listening very carefully and taking extensive notes C.Conducting a clinician-directed interview D.Directing the client to specific answers to questions - ANSWER-Option (A) is correct. A clinician who employs active listening responds to both the content (the denotative message) and the affect (the emotional content) of a client's remarks. This investigation was motivated by observations that when persons with dysarthria increase loudness, their speech improves. Some studies have indicated that this improvement may be related to an increase of prosodic variation. Studies have reported an increase of fundamental frequency (F0) variation with increased loudness, but there has been no examination of the relation of loudness manipulation to specific prosodic variables that are known to aid a listener in parsing out meaningful information. This study examined the relation of vocal loudness production to selected acoustic variables known to inform listeners of phrase and sentence boundaries: specifically, F0 declination and final-word lengthening. Ten young, healthy women were audio-recorded while they read aloud a paragraph at what each considered normal loudness, twice-normal loudness, and half-normal loudness. Results showed that there was a statistically significant increase of F0 declination, brought about by a higher resetting of F0 at the beginning of a sentence and an increase of final-word lengthening from the half-normal loudness condition to the twice-normal loudness condition. These results suggest that when some persons with dysarthria increase loudness, variables related to prosody may change, which in turn contributes to improvement in communicative effectiveness. However, until this procedure is tested with individuals who have dysarthria, it is uncertain whether a similar effect would be observed. From: Watson, P.J., & Hughes, D. (2006). The relationship of vocal loudness manipulation to prosodic F0 and durational variables in healthy adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 636-644. ***Which of the following represent(s) the independent variable or variables used in the Watson and Hughes study?*** ***Watson and Hughes are cautious when suggesting that the speech of some persons with dysarthria improves because of the prosodic changes that result from increasing vocal loudness. Of the following, which is the most likely reason for this caution?*** ***Which of the following best describes the experimental design of the Watson and Hughes study? - ANSWER-C.Vocal loudness B.The prosody of persons with dysarthria may not show similar loudness effects. C.A within-subjects design A 55-year-old woman, recently hospitalized for probable cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is referred for evaluation of stuttering speech. The initial conversation with the client indicates that speech is characterized by frequent initial-phoneme repetitions and prolongations as well as associated mildly effortful eye blinking. Which of the following pieces of information is crucial to accurate speech diagnosis and decisions regarding management of the speech problem? A.The site and extent of the lesion associated with the suspected CVA B.Whether the client has any associated dysphagia or dysphonia C.Whether the dysfluencies began before or after the suspected CVA D.Whether the client feels frustrated by the dysfluencies - ANSWER-Option (C) is correct. Dysfluent speech may or may not be directly caused by the patient's suspected CVA. Which of the following is the best action to take initially with a client who presents with poor oral control of liquids and solids, coughing and choking while eating and drinking, and a history of hospitalizations associated with pneumonia? A.Thickening liquids so that the client will be better able to control oral movements for swallowing B.Obtaining a modified barium-swallow study to determine appropriate interventions C.Evaluating the client's ability to eat a variety of foods in order to determine which foods are safest D.Prescribing that the client be NPO, since aspiration is present - ANSWER-Option (B) is correct. An assessment of the problem must be undertaken before treatment is provided, and the best way to do this is to obtain a modified barium-swallow study. A number of research reports have described poor auditory memory in children with language impairments. Which of the following can most appropriately be concluded from these studies? A.Poor auditory memory can be improved by language-intervention programs that focus on teaching vocabulary and word meanings. B.Poor auditory memory is a reflection of a language impairment, and clinicians and researchers cannot effect improvement. C.Poor auditory memory could be a reflection or a cause of a language impairment or could be related to some other factor, and further research is needed to determine which is the case. D.Children with language impairments normally do not have well-developed representational skills. - ANSWER-Option (C) is correct. Research reports are restricted to the variables examined in the studies on which they are based. A relationship between poor auditory memory and language impairment has been found in some research studies. Other factors could be involved, however, suggesting that further research is needed. Conclusions about treatment or the effects of the impairment must be made through additional research studies. Ms. Brown, a 70-year-old retired female, was admitted to the hospital following a CVA. The SLP conducted a comprehensive evaluation that revealed the presence of left-side neglect, anosognosia (denial of impairment), and visuospatial problems, including prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar faces). Although her auditory comprehension and repetition skills were good, she experienced difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking. Based on the clinical features described, Ms. Brown's diagnostic classification would most likely be A.Wernicke's aphasia B.Conduction aphasia C.Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage D.Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with left hemisphere damage - ANSWER-Option (C) is correct. The symptoms described in the scenario are consistent with damage to the right hemisphere. A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system? A.Brain stem B.Cerebellum C.Left cerebral cortex D.Right cerebral cortex - ANSWER-A.Brain stem ***Why? -- Weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and the other described symptoms are all consistent with a lower motor neuron locus and suspected cranial nerve abnormalities (primarily CN X and XII). These cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain stem and help mediate the transfer of messages from the brain to the brain stem and to the structures of the head and neck. Which of the following constitutes the major component of an audiologic rehabilitation program for infants with a moderate sensorineural hearing loss? A.Development of cognitive skills B.Development of social skills C.Parent-mediated auditory stimulation D.Gestural stimulation - ANSWER-C.Parent-mediated auditory stimulation ***Why?-- For an infant known to have a hearing loss, parents are in the best position to provide consistent auditory stimulation, which the infant needs in order to develop an awareness of sound. A child exhibits the following production errors. w/r θ/s t/ʃ t/tʃ z/dʒ t/k d/g If a target sound for initial intervention is to be selected on the basis of established developmental norms, then that sound will be A./s/ B./ʃ/ C./k/ D./tʃ/ - ANSWER-/k/--- According to developmental norms, /k/ is the target phoneme that should be selected for intervention. A public-school-based speech-language pathologist is employed in a state that sets the maximum caseload at 65. However, the clinician's caseload is currently at 64 with a waiting list of 10 additional students. The school principal insists that the speech-language pathologist enroll the 10 students immediately, because the district cannot locate another clinician to assist with the caseload. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the speech-language pathologist to address the situation? A.Enroll 1 of the 10 students and provide the principal with a written statement of caseload needs, mentioning the amount, type, and frequency of treatment B.Refer the 10 students to a speech-language pathologist working in a private setting C.Suggest that the principal ask a school speech-language pathologist from another school district to take the 10 students D.Maintain current caseload until an additional speech-language pathologist is hired - ANSWER-A.Enroll 1 of the 10 students and provide the principal with a written statement of caseload needs, mentioning the amount, type, and frequency of treatment **Why?--It provides the principal with a statement detailing the needs of the students awaiting treatment but also observes the state's caseload limit. Fiber-optic instrumentation is appropriate for evaluation of which of the following types of disorders? A.Articulation B.Phonation C.Proprioception D.Respiration - ANSWER-Phonation--- Fiber-optic nasopharyngoscopy or laryngoscopy is a commonly used approach to evaluate vocal fold anatomy and physiology for voice production (phonation). Which of the following views make up a standard videofluoroscopic swallow study? A.Frontal B.Lateral C.Transverse D.Anterior-posterior - ANSWER-Lateral & Posterior/Anterior--- A lateral view is best for seeing all stages of a swallow, and an anterior-posterior view shows the symmetry (or asymmetry) of the swallow. Hearing loss in infants who are born with a cleft palate is usually related to which of the following? A.The infant's inability to create positive pressure in the oral cavity B.Malformation of the middle-ear ossicles associated with malformation of the palate C.Eustachian tube dysfunction D.Cochlear dysfunction - ANSWER-Eustachian tube dysfunction--- a major factor contributing to middle-ear disease and conductive hearing loss, is nearly universal in infants with cleft palate. Which of the following, if observed in the speech of an African American child, is most likely to represent a dialectical variation rather than an articulation error? A./f/ for /θ/ in postvocalic position B./θ/ for /s/ in all positions C.Affricates for fricatives in word-final position D.Dentals for velars in word-initial position - ANSWER-/f/ for /θ/ in postvocalic position---The use of voiceless labiodental fricatives for voiceless interdental fricatives is a feature of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Children diagnosed as having specific language impairments are likely to exhibit the greatest deficits in which of the following? A.Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax B.Acquisition of word meanings C.Comprehension of short sentences D.Motoric aspects of written expression - ANSWER-Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax--- Children with specific language impairments typically have difficulty producing utterances that are morphologically and syntactically well formed. A 5-year-old girl with a repaired cleft palate has recently undergone a pharyngeal flap operation to correct velopharyngeal incompetence, but she continues to use glottal stops, pharyngeal fricatives, and mid-dorsum palatal stops. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take? A.Recommending that the child be examined by a cleft palate team to determine the cause of the persistent articular errors B.Referring the child back to the surgeon to determine the need for a revision of the pharyngeal flap C.Initiating articulation treatment to teach the correct placement for the stops and fricatives D.Initiating articulation treatment to teach correct production of nonpressure consonant sounds - ANSWER-Initiating articulation treatment to teach the correct placement for the stops and fricatives--- This child is using compensatory glottal stops, mid-dorsum palatal stops, and pharyngeal fricatives for standard American English stops and fricatives. She has had surgical management to correct velopharyngeal incompetence. She now needs to learn to produce the stops and fricatives for which she is making compensations. Therefore, articulation treatment is appropriate. The major objective of auditory training in the treatment of a client with a hearing loss is to A.improve the client's awareness of position and movements of the speech mechanism B.improve the client's kinesthetic and auditory awareness C.increase the client's kinesthetic and proprioceptive discrimination D.teach the client to make discriminations among speech sounds - ANSWER-teach the client to make discriminations among speech sounds--- Auditory training focuses on the interpretation of auditory input and would thus teach a client to discriminate speech sounds. A 70-year-old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral containment of the bolus during the oral preparatory stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. Cognition and the pharyngeal stage of the swallow are intact. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment approach for the client? A.Providing a puree diet with thickened liquids B.Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow C.Having the client turn (rotate) her head to the right when swallowing D.Providing a diet that consists of thin liquids - ANSWER-B.Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow --- This treatment alters oral configuration to place the base of the tongue superior to the bolus inside the oral cavity. Since liquid cannot flow uphill against gravity, this intervention compensates for impaired palatoglossus contraction, which is causing impaired posterior oral containment. An SLP receives a referral regarding a 4-year-old boy who uses two words spontaneously and functionally, who began walking at 3 years of age, and who responds to his name inconsistently. On the basis of the information alone, the SLP can legitimately conclude that the child's communication profile reflects .a developmental delay B.autism spectrum disorder C.a chromosomal anomaly D.a metabolic disorder - ANSWER-Developmental Delay--- A 4-year-old typically developing child would have 4 word utterances and would respond to his name consistently. Most children start to walk around age 1. Therefore, the delay in walking, along with the delay in language, indicates a general developmental delay. Successful use of an alternative and augmentative communication system is based on such factors as selecting appropriate vocabulary, seating and positioning, and having a reliable method of controlling the system. To facilitate the most effective use of the system, clinicians most often advocate which of the following approaches? A.Unimodal B.Multimodal C.Bimodal D.Gestural - ANSWER-Multi--- A multimodal approach offers more communicative options than any other of the approaches listed. Which of the following is most important for an SLP to do when assessing a child who has an acquired brain injury? A.Evaluate pragmatics through a structured language test B.Compare premorbid performance with present performance C.Ensure administration of an intelligence test D.Compare nonverbal performance with verbal performance - ANSWER-Compare premorbid performance with present performance----- An SLP needs to know what skills the child attained prior to the brain injury in order to select appropriate treatment goals. Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" versus "cab"? A.Locus frequency of burst B.Voice onset time C.Vocal fundamental frequency D.Duration of the preceding vowel - ANSWER-Duration of the preceding vowel---Research shows that vowel duration influences a listener's perception of voicing. Vowels that precede unreleased voiced stop consonants are as much as 1.5 times as long as vowels that precede voiceless stops. When counseling the parents of a child who has an articulation disorder, the SLP can cite developmental norms to show which of the following? A.The child's misarticulation will interfere with reading skills. B.A certain percentage of children of a certain age can correctly articulate the misarticulated sound. C.The misarticulation is caused by faulty learning. D.The misarticulation is not physically based. - ANSWER-B.A certain percentage of children of a certain age can correctly articulate the misarticulated sound. --- Developmental norms demonstrate that a certain percentage of children of a given age can correctly articulate certain sounds. Language intervention for a child at the one-word stage should be most strongly influenced by a consideration of the child's A.motor skills B.cognitive skills C.syntactic skills D.articulation skills - ANSWER-cognitive--- The cognitive skills of a child at the one-word stage will most strongly influence the child's speech-language responses, so language intervention for the child should take into account the child's cognitive skills. A single exposure of several hours duration to continuous music with an overall level of 100 dB SPL will most likely produce A.tinnitus and a temporary threshold shift in high frequencies B.tinnitus and a distortion of speech perception C.a temporary threshold shift in the low frequencies D.a permanent threshold shift - ANSWER-A.tinnitus and a temporary threshold shift in high frequencies ---A single exposure of several hours duration to continuous music at a level of about 100 dB SPL will most likely produce tinnitus and a temporary threshold shift in the high frequencies. According to research on the development of Brown's morphemes in young children, which of the following is a determinant of acquisition order? A.Phonological ease of production B.Figurative-language ability C.Semantic and syntactic complexity D.Sequencing and segmentation strategies - ANSWER-C.Semantic and syntactic complexity ---Brown's morphemes are acquired by children in an order that is determined by semantic and syntactic complexity, with the simplest forms acquired first. The order of acquisition is typically followed by all children. John is a 4 1/2 year old whose consonantal inventory includes word-initial [ w ], [ m ], [ n ], [ p ], [ b ], [ t ], [ d ], and [ f ]. He uses [ t ] for /k/, [ d ] for /ɡ/, [ b ] for /v/, and [ f ] for /θ/. He produces no consonant clusters. His word-final consonantal inventory consists of [m] and [n]. His word shape inventory includes V, CV, CVC, and CVCV. The information given most strongly indicates that the child has A.childhood apraxia of speech B.an oral motor impairment C.delayed phonological development D.a significant high-frequency hearing loss - ANSWER-delay phono. dev.---The pattern describes the phonological pattern of a younger child. The errors are consistent, unlike childhood apraxia of speech, which has an inconsistent error pattern. Children at this age typically have mastered consonant clusters and use word-final consonants. After sustaining a CVA, Ms. Williams, age 75, was referred to an SLP for a speech and language evaluation. While Ms. Williams was describing the cookie-theft picture, the SLP observed that her grammatical structure appeared to be intact and her prosody was normal but that many of her sentences were meaningless, did not fit the context, and included nonsensical paraphasic errors. Additional testing also revealed that Ms. Williams exhibited poor repetition and naming skills, did not respond appropriately to many simple commands, and had difficulty reading. Ms. Williams appeared happy and talked excessively. She did not appear to be aware of her communication deficits. What is the most likely location of the lesion? A.Left posterior superior temporal gyrus B.Left inferior frontal gyrus C.Left superior frontal gyrus D.Left inferior parietal gyrus - ANSWER-The symptoms that are described in the scenario are consistent with damage to the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. Before an SLP initiates voice intervention, it is most important that the SLP gather information about the A.cause of the client's voice problem B.client's breathing patterns C.client's oral motor skills D.fundamental frequency of the client's laryngeal tone - ANSWER-It is essential to know the cause of a voice problem prior to commencing voice intervention, because some voice problems are symptoms of diseases/disorders (e.g., laryngeal cancer) that do not respond to the types of voice interventions that an SLP typically provides, and can only be treated through medical intervention. Excessive nasality is associated with inadequate velopharyngeal closure. An SLP is training a client to self-monitor nasality during speech. Which of the following tactics will best allow the speaker to determine whether there is excessive nasal airflow? A.Looking in a mirror while speaking B.Being aware of vowel-sound productions C.Speaking/phonating while alternately leaving the nostrils open and pinching them closed D.Monitoring production of consonant blends - ANSWER-Speaking while alternately leaving the nostrils open and pinching them closed is an easy way for a speaker to determine whether inappropriate nasal airflow is occurring. This technique allows one to determine the difference in airflow pattern when speech is produced with the nostrils occluded as compared with speech produced when the nostrils are open. For a speaker with velopharyngeal incompetence, closure of the nostrils will eliminate the nasal airflow in production of /s/. Which of the following best describes the rationale for using standardized, norm-referenced instruments to assess speech-language functioning? A.They enable the clinician to generate weekly statements about a client's treatment progress. B.They provide the clinician with the information that is necessary to generate a specific and comprehensive treatment plan. C.They enable the clinician to understand and make informed statements about how a client's performance compares with the performance of other people. D.They provide the clinician with reliable information about how well a client is likely to respond to treatment. - ANSWER-The use of standardized normative instruments enables a clinician to compare a client's language and speech function with the average normal function for a person in the client's age range. An SLP who is treating an adolescent who stutters designs a treatment plan that includes three fluency management strategies: prolonged speech, cancellation, and pullout. Which of the following is true about the use of these treatment strategies? Select all that apply. A.Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B.Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. C.The client will seek to apply cancellation whenever he feels anxious about the possibility of stuttering overtly. D.The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation. - ANSWER-Options (A), (B), and (D) are correct. Prolonged speech, deliberate regulation of speech motor movements, and pullout could all be appropriately applied. A client with anomic aphasia is a native speaker of Spanish with fair proficiency in English. Production of the word "shoes" as [tʃuz] on a repetition task is most likely due to which of the following factors? A.Phonological interference from the speaker's native language B.Semantic interference from the speaker's native language C.Semantic paraphasia due to the aphasia D.Phonemic paraphasia due to the aphasia - ANSWER-Option (A) is correct. The Spanish language does not have /f/ in its phonemic inventory, and native speakers of Spanish typically substitute the affricate /t∫/ / t ∫ / when producing English words with that phoneme. A native speaker of Spanish would most likely have made the substitution before acquiring an anomic aphasia. An SLP has a consultation with a self-referred adult who has a fluency disorder. The client had been enrolled in treatment programs with the clinician three times before and had reached from 75 to 90 percent fluency before dropping out of treatment for various reasons. Thirty percent of the client's syllables are spoken disfluently. The client also exhibits signs of depression and anxiety. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take? A.Encouraging the client to re-enroll for remedial services B.Encouraging the client to take responsibility for maintaining fluency by using techniques learned in the previous treatment sessions C.Recommending that the client schedule a neurological evaluation D.Referring the client for psychological counseling - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. Psychological counseling is most appropriate for a client who appears interested in improving speech but has not remained motivated long enough to complete the several treatment programs started. The client also does not exhibit maintenance of benefits from prior treatment. Thus, psychological counseling should precede any further remedial efforts. Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76-year-old client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A four-month postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on A.evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention B.strengthening exercises for the oral articulators C.a trial period using the yawn-sign technique D.complete vocal rest - ANSWER-Option (A) is correct. The client has a resonance and phonation disorder indicative of velopharyngeal and laryngeal problems. The velopharyngeal problem could be assisted by prosthetic or surgical intervention. A 12-year-old native speaker of Spanish who has been studying English as a second language for three years is most likely to do which of the following when speaking English in casual conversation with teachers at school? A.Use the auxiliary "have" in place of "be" in progressive tenses B.Use incorrect word order within prepositional phrases C.Use conjunctions in place of prepositions D.Use multiple negation improperly - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. Multiple negation is a grammatical feature of Spanish but not of Standard English. The contrast between the two languages can cause multiple negation to persist as a speaker attempts to learn Standard English. A 4-month-old-infant who has a low birth weight but passed a neonatal hearing screening was evaluated for development of communication skills. The speech-language pathologist found that the infant followed moving objects visually, showed interest in mouthing and banging objects, and began sucking in anticipation of eating, but failed to localize to environmental sounds. On the report to the infant's primary care physician, the most appropriate recommendation by the speech-language pathologist is A.consideration of auditory amplification B.hearing-loss counseling for the parents C.careful parent monitoring of the child's speech-language development D.evaluation of auditory function by an audiologist - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. The infant is showing normal development except for problems in localizing environmental sounds. This symptom is indicative of a possible auditory problem, making it appropriate for the infant to be referred to an audiologist for evaluation of auditory function. A 60-year-old man says that he has "trouble thinking of names and words" and that it is interfering with his job performance. The problem began three months ago after he had a minor cerebrovascular accident. He does not report any other problems. His conversation is characterized by some hesitancies, latencies, repetitions, interjections, and self-corrections. On the basis of an interview and the results of an aphasia battery, it is concluded that he has a mild aphasia. The most appropriate course of action is to A.advise the client to wait for three more months in order to allow spontaneous recovery to take place B.begin a treatment program designed to decrease dysfluencies in his speech C.offer a treatment program designed to improve word-retrieval skills D.encourage the client to increase his reading of information related to his profession in order to facilitate recall of professional terminology - ANSWER-Option (C) is correct. The client's language reflects the word-finding difficulties of an individual with aphasia. Treatment to remediate his difficulties is appropriate. Which of the following procedures would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss? A.Development of phonation from coughing B.Pushing exercises C.Manual depression of the larynx D.Manual elevation of the larynx - ANSWER-Option (C) is correct. Manual depression of the larynx will serve to lengthen the vocal folds, allowing them to vibrate at a lower frequency. Cognitive therapy for stuttering focuses on which of the following? A.Extinguishing the overt, dysfluent speech behavior by withholding positive reinforcement B.Changing distorted beliefs about self-efficacy and the need to speak with complete fluency C.Providing positive reinforcement during periods of fluent speech D.Reducing dysfluent speech behavior by using visual imaging - ANSWER-Option (B) is correct. Changing distorted beliefs about self-efficacy and the need to speak with complete fluency represents the only answer choice that is cognitive in nature. A prospective client is described as a man in his forties who is under chronic stress. He uses his voice extensively in daily life has a hard-driving personality, and exhibits glottal fry. The client has the classic profile of a person at high risk for A.spastic dysphonia B.acute laryngitis C.vocal nodules D.contact ulcers - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. The symptoms exhibited by this patient represent a classic profile of a person who has contact ulcers. Which of the following most accurately represents the etiology of cleft palate? A.Genetic factors alone B.Environmental influences alone C.Genetic factors interacting with environmental influences D.Medications taken by the mother during pregnancy - ANSWER-Option (C) is correct. The interaction of genetic factors and environmental influences represents the etiology of cleft palate. For which individual would a recommendation for an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention be least appropriate? A.A preschool child with a language-learning disorder and highly unintelligible speech B.A teenager with a repaired cleft palate who continues to experience hypernasality C.A young adult with severe cerebral palsy precluding functional oral communication D.A 55-year-old man who has had a laryngectomy - ANSWER-Option (B) is correct. This is correct because someone with hypernasality would still be intelligible, and an AAC device would not be needed. Which of the following is an accurate statement about whispered speech? A.It is produced by approximating the arytenoid cartilages so that their medial surfaces are in direct contact. B.It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds. C.Spectrographic analysis of it reveals no discernible formants for the vowels. D.Most people can produce longer utterances per breath using it than they can using conventional phonation. - ANSWER-Option (B) is correct. Whispered speech is composed largely of aperiodic sounds, as the vocal folds do not vibrate while whispering is taking place. Which of the following actions will most effectively control the problem of overreferral in school screening programs that use impedance/immittance measurements? A.Obtaining the measurements in a professional sound-insulated room B.Including 500 Hz in the audiometric screening procedure C.Retesting immediately those who did not pass the first screening D.Waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. Some children may have a temporary problem due to a cold or ear infection, which may resolve in a few weeks. Six months ago, an SLP evaluated 4-year-old Molly's speech fluency during conversation. At that time, she displayed physically relaxed repetitions of words and phrases (occurring at a frequency of 2 per 100 words), and interjections such as "um" (occurring at a frequency of 1 per 100 words). She did not display any sound prolongations or facial grimaces; she did not produce any pitch rises or phonatory breaks; and she did not appear to avoid any sounds or words. Results from several formal tests suggested that her articulation and language development were within normal limits. Molly reportedly began producing repetitions and interjections at age 24 months, and the frequency of these disfluency types reportedly has remained stable since then. The SLP did not recommend speech-language intervention following the previous evaluation; however, she did provide the parents with information about fluency development, symptoms of stuttering, and general suggestions for how to facilitate children's fluency. A reevaluation is scheduled for next week. Which of the following is most appropriate for the SLP to do if Molly's speech fluency has remained the same since the previous evaluation? A.Recommend that Molly immediately begin fluency therapy, in which the focus is on reducing the frequency of repetitions and interjections in her conversational speech B.Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload C.Recommend that Molly be referred for psychological counseling, with a focus on on helping Molly improve speech fluency by learning how to manage anxiety more effectively D.Recommend monthly evaluations of Molly's speech fluency until she is five years old - ANSWER-Option (B) is correct. Molly's fluency development was within normal limits at the previous evaluation, and, based on the parents' report, it also seemed to be within normal limits at age 2. Further, no other concerns about Molly's communication development were mentioned in the scenario. Thus, it appears that Molly has never stuttered and her communication skills have been and continue to be within normal limits. Therefore, it is unnecessary to reevaluate her speech or enroll her in fluency therapy. "Book read me." "Me TV see." The utterances above, spoken by a 3-year-old monolingual English-speaking child, indicate that the child most likely has a problem with which of the following? A.Semantic redundancy B.Syntactic relationships C.Morphological relationships D.Pragmatics - ANSWER-Option (B) is correct. The utterances are not in the correct order, which is characteristic of a syntactic error. Which of the following is a type of perturbation that can be measured to determine the amount of noise in the voice? A.Changes in the frequency range between F1 and F2 over time B.Changes in the frequency range between F2 and F3 over time C.F3 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time D.F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time - ANSWER-Option (D) is correct. Perturbation is a disturbance in the quality of the laryngeal tone, or fundamental frequency, of the voice. Which of the following describes an important diagnostic distinction between apraxia of speech and dysarthria?