nurs 6501 advanced pathophysiology exam questions and highlighted accurate answers and graded A+

discuss the five essential components of pathophysiology - ANS-study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease (disruption of homeostasis and feedback loops) 1110 specific diseases have been identified 1. Etiology= causative mechanisms "why" 2. Epidemiology= risk factors and distribution in populations "patterns" incidence and prevalence of disease. Incidence: #of new cases in a given population within a given time. Prevalence: # of cases existing (both old and new) in a given time 3. Pathogenesis= disease mechanisms, sequence of events that occurs from stimulus to disease 4. Clinical manifestations= signs (result of exam/assessment), symptoms and diagnostic criteria 5. Outcomes= cure, remission, chronicity, death discuss the causes--physiologic and pathologic--of atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia and give examples - ANS- atrophy: reduction in cell size d/t decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions. physiologic: disappear when stressor is removed (thymus gland and child development). pathologic: remain when stressor is removed d/t decreased workload (brain tissue + Alzheimer's disease) -hypertrophy: increase in tissue size d/t increase in work demands. physiologic: muscles w/ increased lifting, heart muscles with exercise/pregnancy- can return to norm size. pathologic: after donating a kidney to keep up with workload, dilated cardiomyopathy- never return in size -hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue that is still capable of mitotic division. physiologic: uterus with pregnancy. pathologic: endometriosis -Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells, callus= thickening of skin d/t stimulus describe the anatomic and physiologic changes that occur in the cell during: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia - ANS-atrophy: cell shrink's d/t decreased workload/stimulus/nutrients -hypertrophy: adaptive response-cell enlarges d/t increased workload/stimulus/nutrients -hyperplasia: cell multiplies d/t increased rate of cellular division in response to injury when severe and prolonged