APUSH TEST #1 questions with complete solutions 2023

APUSH TEST #1 questions with complete solutions 2023Encomienda In Spanish: commission. A grant issued by the Spanish Crown to colonists in America giving them the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. (Land + Labor) Mercantalism Colonies in the Americas were used by the mother country to provide raw materials at no cost. These materials were then processed & manufactured into valuable goods and exported from the mother country, to be sold at high prices back in the Americas and all over Europe. (Thus, the mother country ended up exporting more than they imported--making a profit and achieving a favorable balance of trade). 00:21 01:13 Treaty of Tordesillas An agreement in 1494 between Portugal and Spain that declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. Soon proved unworkable. Cortes and Malinche Hernando Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who first traveled to the West Indies in 1504. In 1519, Cortes established Veracruz, the first Spanish colony in Mexico. By 1521, he had conquered the Aztec empire using horses, gunpowder, and steel weapons. Malinche was his female translator, who also helped him recruit allies (and eventually had his child). Mestizo A person of mixed European and Native American heritage--specifically, the people who came to be when the Spanish interbred with the surviving Indians in Mexico. Powhatans When the English landed in VA in 1607, the Indian chief Powhatan dominated the native peoples living in the James River area. He ruled over a few dozen small tribes, all of which were loosely affiliated with what came to be known as Powhatan's Confederacy. The English colonists dubbed all the local Indians the Powhatans. The Powhatans lacked the unity to make an effective opposition against the English. They served no economic function to the whites, who provided no reliable labor source or commodities after they learned to farm. Indeed, Indian presence got in the way of their desire for land. Oliver Cromwell English military, political, and religious figure (outspoken puritan) who led Parliament's victory in the English Civil War () and called for the execution of Charles I. As "lord protector" of England, Wales and Scotland () he subsequently ruled as a virtual dictator (without an official crown). Mass. Bay Company Joint-stock company chartered by Charles I in 1629. Controlled/founded by Non-Separatists (Puritans) who took the charter with them to New England and, in effect, converted it into a written constitution for the colony, the "city upon a hill" governed by John Winthrop. Headright Introduced in 1618 as a means to solve the labor shortage. Colonists already residing in Virginia were granted two headrights, meaning two tracts of 50 acres each, or a total of 100 acres of land. New settlers who paid their own passage to Virginia were each granted one headright, encouraging families to migrate together. Wealthy individuals could accumulate headrights by paying for the passage of poor individuals. This allowed for many workers to come to VA as indentured servants, paying for their transportation by pledging to perform five to seven years of labor for the landowner. Quitrents Tax/annual fee for land imposed by a higher landowning authority in the Colonies, usually local government.