TBS Phase 1 Exam Latest Updated

define Operational Security (OPSEC), - ANSWER-The process to deny the enemy critical information about us. identify immediate actions for safeguarding suspected classified material - ANSWER-Report all security violations or suspected compromises, including espionage attempts, to the security manager immediately. identify the levels of classified materials security classification - ANSWER-1. Top Secret - 2. Secret 3. Confidential - - 4. Unclassified - top secret - ANSWER-- unauthorized disclosure can be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to national security. Orange cards Secret - ANSWER-unauthorized disclosure could be expected to cause serious damage to national security. Red card indicator Confidential - ANSWER-- could be expected to cause identifiable damage to national security- blue cards Unclassified - ANSWER-any other material not marked identify procedures for classified material spillage or compromise - ANSWER-Report all security violations or suspected compromises, including espionage attempts, to the security manager immediately. Use classified material in a controlled environment that limits the number of people who have access to it. Cover or close material if uncleared personnel approach. Never leave classified material unsecured. Never take classified material home. Memorize safe combinations; written records of combinations are only maintained in the CMCC and may not be held by any individual. Store nothing valuable with classified material. Do not discuss classified material with anyone other than cleared personnel with need to know. Destroy material exactly when told using the prescribed method. identify the procedures for reporting persons suspected of espionage - ANSWER-report the incident or person immediately to your chain of command, security manager, S-2 Intelligence Officer, or Naval Criminal Investigative Services (NCIS identify the methods used by foreign agents to collect information - ANSWER-1. Exploiting or stealing classified equipment and technology 2. Illegally transferring U.S. technology from third countries 3. Covert espionage. 4. Recruitment of Americans to a foreign cause or the exploitation of human intelligence. 5. Cyber attacks identify procedures for handling of "For Official Use Only" materials - ANSWER- identify ways to safeguard personally identifiable information (PII) in - ANSWER-1. Ensuring that PI/PII contained in a system of records, , is protected so that the security and confidentiality of the information is preserved. 2. Not disclosing any information contained in a system of records 3. Not maintaining unpublished official files. 4. Safeguarding the privacy of individuals and confidentiality of PI/PII contained in a system of records. 5. Properly marking all FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - PRIVACY SENSITIVE - Any misuse or unauthorized disclosure can result in both civil and criminal penalties." 6. Not maintaining privacy sensitive information in public folders. 7. Reporting any unauthorized disclosure of PI/PII f . 8. DON activities shall not maintain records describing how an individual exercises his/her rights guaranteed by the First Amendment define personally identifiable information (PII - ANSWER-Any information or characteristics that may be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, such as their name, social security number, or biometric records. PII falls under the sub-classification For Official Use Only (FOUO). Communications Security (COMSEC - ANSWER-Measures and controls taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from telecommunications systems and ensure authenticity of such communications Classified Information - ANSWER-Official information which has been determined to require, in the interests of national security, protection against unauthorized disclosure and which has been so identified by the assignment of a security classification Classified Material - ANSWER-A document or any media upon which classified information is recorded or embodied. Security - ANSWER-The establishment of a protected environment for classified information and materials Access - ANSWER-The ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information or possession of classified materials. Need to Know - ANSWER-The necessity for access to knowledge or possession of classified information in order to carry out official military or government duties. Clearence - ANSWER-An administrative determination by a designated authority that an individual is eligible for access to classified information of a specific classification designation or less. The 3 big - ANSWER-1. Clearence , CCES and need to know Original classification - not you - ANSWER-The Secretary of the Navy severely restricts the power to classify new material or information which is not derived from previously existing material or information Derivative Classification Authority- ME - ANSWER-This power is inherent to all personnel who work with classified materials and information. Specifically, if you produce or extract classified material or information from other classified material, you are responsible for classifying the newly created material to the appropriate level. This authority must be exercised daily to ensure security. Clearences - ANSWER-1. Top Secret- 5 years max, based on one single scoop background investigation 2. Secret- 10 years max, i 3. Confidental- 15 years Billets and individual responsibility of CO - ANSWER-Is directly responsible and, therefore, accountable for all matters pertaining to the security of classified materials and information held or used by the command. Responsibilities of Security manager - ANSWER-The CO assigns the unit security manager, usually the battalion executive officer (XO). The security manager: Investigates all security violations and suspected compromises of classified information and materia Custodians - ANSWER-The two different custodians in the infantry battalion are the classified material control custodian (CMCC) and the electronic keying material systems manager. Custodians: Store classified material in containers appropriate for the classification level of material being stored. Classified Material Control Custodian (CMCC) - ANSWER-Normally, the CMCC is the S-1/Adjutant and handles classified materials such as operation orders, message traffic, publications, manuals, etc. Generally the CMCC controls/handles classified material that is not communication-oriented. intel officer S-2 - ANSWER-The S-2 is usually assigned as the assistant security manager and: Initiates and monitors the progress of security investigations. Informs the CO of all changes to individual security clearances. The S-2 is the staff section where individuals report to obtain or upgrade a security clearance. PII - ANSWER-Any information or characteristics that may be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, such as their name, social security number, or biometric records. PII falls under the sub-classification For Official Use Only (FOUO). Espionage - ANSWER-is the act of obtaining, delivering, transmitting, communicating, or receiving information about national defense with an intent, or reason to believe, that the information may be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation How to treat a frostbite - ANSWER-Move the casualty to a heated area such as a warming tent or vehicle. • Remove or loosen constrictive clothing to allow the blood to circulate freely to the affected area. • For deep frostbite, which has penetrated below the upper layers of skin and into the muscles, transport the victim immediately to a medical facility. Do not attempt to thaw the affected area. Trench foot treatment - ANSWER-Keep the feet dry. • Change socks often and air-dry or blot the moisture off. • Keep the feet warm. • Change socks often and use foot powder to absorb excess moisture. • Only wear vapor barrier boots when necessary, and once afflicted, walk only as much as necessary. B Prevention and Hypothermia treatment - ANSWER-as possible. If transportation is not immediately available, move the individual to a warming shelter or at least out of the elements. • Remove all wet clothing and replace with dry items. • As with frostbite, gradually warm the body. The body is not producing enough heat, so an external source must be provided. Place as much insulation between the individual and the ground as possible to avoid conductive heat loss. If there is no other shelter, use a sleeping bag. • Continuously monitor the victim's respiration and heartbeat; administer CPR, if required, to maintain circulation. • Warm liquids Types of heat injuries - ANSWER-1. Sunburn 2. Prickly heat rash 3. fungus infection 4. Heat cramps 5. Heat exhaustion 6. Heat stroke Proper treatment of heat Cramps - ANSWER-Give the victim small sips of cool water. • Remove the victim to a cool or shaded area. • Massage cramped muscles. • If indications of a more serious condition are present, transport the victim to medical attention. Proper treatment of Heat Exhaustion - ANSWER-• Remove excessive clothing. • Place the victim in a cool, shaded area. • Fan or sprinkle victim with water to keep cool. • If conscious, give victim small sips of water. • Treat victim also for shock,. • Seek medical attention should indications of a more serious problem exist Proper treatment for heat stroke - ANSWER-• Send for medical assistance. • Move the victim to a cool, shaded area. • Loosen victim's clothing and equipment. • Apply water or ice to the victim's entire body, fanning the victim as much as possible. • Do not attempt to force the victim to drink. • Ensure that the airway remains open and that the victim continues to breathe Prevention of heat injuries - ANSWER-1. Clothing 2. Water 3. Command attention Types of cold injuries - ANSWER-1. Frostbite 2. Trench foot 3. Hypothermia Cold weather injury prevention- COLD - ANSWER-1. keep it CLEAN 2. avoid OVerheating 3. LOOSE clothing/ Layers 4. Keer it DRY Proper treatment for a bite injury to prevent further injury - ANSWER- War Defined - ANSWER-War is a violent clash of interests between or among organized groups characterized by the use of military force. These groups are not always nations, but can be political groups, terrorists, or guerrillas within nations. Friction - ANSWER-Countless factors make war difficult to conduct. When the simple is difficult, and the difficult is impossible, we have friction. Friction can be mental or physical Uncertainty - ANSWER-Uncertainty is the "fog of war." All decisions in war will be based on incomplete, inaccurate, or contradictory information Fluidity - ANSWER-No one event in war can be isolated. It has been shaped by all of the previous events Disorder - ANSWER-In the "fog of war," disorder rules the battlefield. Plans are overcome by events. Complexity - ANSWER-War is not a conflict between two individuals, but between forces consisting of many individuals.. The human dimension - ANSWER-The human will is the central factor in war. War is shaped by human morals and emotions. It is an extreme test of physical strength, will, and stamina. Violence and danger - ANSWER-Violence is an element of war. It produces the greatest horrors. Danger is ever present, along with fear. Fear weakens the will. Leaders study fear and learn to counteract it physical, moral and mental factors - ANSWER-The physical forces of war are easily recognized, such as men and material. The moral factors, such as a nation's resolve, are hard to grasp. Mental factors affect our ability to outthink our enemy Evoltion of war - ANSWER-The nature of war is constant. Its methods are ever changing. A major cause of these changes is technology. We must be on the cutting edge of tactics and technology while not forgetting those fundamentals which is time tested and constant War is an act of policy - ANSWER-War is an extension of both policy and politics with the addition of military force. Policy refers to the conscious objectives established in the political process. War must serve policy. Strategy of annihilation - ANSWER-seeks to destroy an enemy's military power. We do not have to physically destroy an enemy's forces, but can incapacitate them. We can reach policy goals by paralyzing the enemy. stratergy of eroision - ANSWER-seeks to erode the enemy's will means in war - ANSWER-At the highest level, war involves economic, diplomatic, and psychological forces as well as military force Spectrum of conflict - ANSWER-War ranges from total war to military operations other than war (MOOTW). MOOTW includes peacemaking operations and humanitarian relief. Levels of war - ANSWER-Actions in war take place on several related levels. i. The strategic ii. The operational level iii. The tactical level. Strategic - ANSWER-. i. The strategic level involves national strategy and military strategy. Operational - ANSWER-ii. The operational level of war links tactics and strategy. At the operational level, we decide where, when and under what conditions we will meet the enemy Tactical - ANSWER-iii. The lowest level is the tactical level. Tactics refers to the techniques and methods for accomplishing a particular mission. Initiative and response - ANSWER-All actions in war are based on either the initiative to act or a response to an action. i. When our ability to continue to attack is gone, we must switch to the defense. This is the culminating point. The offense is most vulnerable to counterattack at this point. Styles of warfare - ANSWER-The styles of warfare exist on a spectrum between attrition and maneuver. culminating point - ANSWER-where we switch fro offense to defense and are the most exposed Attrition - ANSWER-i. Attrition seeks to wear down an enemy's material resources. Maneuver warfare seeks to circumvent problems and attack them from a position of advantage. Manuver - ANSWER-ii. Maneuver warfare seeks to paralyze the enemy system. In maneuver warfare, enemy strengths are avoided and weaknesses are exploited. Combat power - ANSWER-power is the total destructive force we can bring upon the enemy at a given time or place. Combat power consists of material, men, weapons, terrain, leadership, tempo, surprise and many other factors Speed and focus - ANSWER-Speed is rapidity of action. Speed over time is tempo Center of Gravity - ANSWER-may not always be tangible. Morale, capabilities, positions, or the relationship between elements of the enemy forces may be the vital element to the enemy's ability to fight. An Enemies Surface Critical Vulnerabilites - ANSWER-where our actions will have the most destructive effects. An Enemies Gap creating and exploiting oppotunities - ANSWER-At times it may be difficult to identify the enemy's critical vulnerabilities. We may attack each vulnerability until an opportunity arises. Decisive results come from ruthlessly exploiting these opportunities. force planning - ANSWER-is planning associated with the creation and maintenance of military capabilities. The objective of force planning is a required state of readiness. organization - ANSWER-Operating forces must be organized to provide forward deployed or rapidly deployable forces capable of conducting expeditionary operations. For operations and training the forces will be organized into Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTFs). Consisting of ground, air and support elements, MAGTFs are task organized to fit specific situations doctrine - ANSWER-Doctrine consists of the central beliefs the Marine Corps has on the subject of war. Doctrine establishes a particular way of thinking about warfare professionalism - ANSWER-Marine leaders must be true experts in the conduct of war. They must be individuals of action — confident and resolute training - ANSWER-The purpose of training is to create forces which can win in combat. Training continues during war so we can learn from the lessons of combat equipment - ANSWER-Equipment should be easy to operate and maintain, reliable, and interoperable with other equipment. Furthermore, equipment should be consistent with Marine Corps doctrine and missions. the challenge - ANSWER-for the Marine Corps is to develop a style of warfighting which takes into account the chaotic and fluid nature of the modern battlefield maneuver warfare - ANSWER-The Marine Corps style of warfare is based upon rapid, flexible and opportunistic maneuver speed - ANSWER-is necessary to keep the enemy off balance. Besides the ability to move forces in terms of distance and time, we must be able to think, plan and carry out support functions faster than the enemy. Focus maximizes the effects of our combat power. orienting on the enemy - ANSWER-We must understand how the system works so we can penetrate it and rip it apart. We find critical vulnerabilities by looking at the enemy's unique characteristics. philosophy of command - ANSWER-In order to support the fluid and chaotic nature of the battlefield, command must be decentralized surfaces - ANSWER-. Surfaces are enemy strengths gaps - ANSWER-Weakeness of an enemy combined arms - ANSWER-full integration of arms so that the enemy is placed in a dilemma. In order to counter one arm, he becomes vulnerable to another. We give the enemy a no-win situation Air ground and sea. Muti mobile. Push bombs, flying helicopters, pushing infantry and naval gun fire. Reqires communication. why is amphibous operation good - ANSWER-ii. An amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by a amphibious force embarked in ships or craft with the primary purpose of introducing a a landing force ashore to accomplish the assigned mission. most of the world lives near the ocearns.m 8 themes of amphibous operation - ANSWER-i. Problems of the tad pole - transition ii. Landing is not the problem iii. Selection where to go ashore, iv. Problems of command v. Naval warfare and land warfare vi. Commander amphibious task forse 5 types of amphibous operation (DRAWO) - ANSWER-1. Assault a. Four main goals 2. Demonstration 3. Raid 4. Withdrawal 5. Other amphibious operations- Humanitarian aid a. MOOTW specific offensive considerations to amphibous opertions - ANSWER- principles of war in amphibous landing - ANSWER-a. Deceive the enemy as the point of debarkation b. Selest a beach with hydrographics and terrain conditions favorable to the attacker. c. Deceive the enemy as to the point of debarkation d. Employ naval gunfire in preparing the way for thr handing e. Land Artillery at the earliest practicable moment f. Strenuously push the invasion by seizing high ground g. Command the landing area, thus securing the beach head from the enemy guns, allowing Moose muss - ANSWER-a. Mass b. Objective c. Offensive d. Security e. Economy of forces- f. Maneuver Mass - ANSWER-concentrate the effects of combat power at the decisive place and time to achieve decisive results. Objective - ANSWER-direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive and attainable objective. offensive - ANSWER-- seize, retain and exploit the initiative. security - ANSWER-- Never permit the enemy to aquire an unexpected advantage. econmy of forces - ANSWER-- allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts manuever - ANSWER--place the enemy in a defeical position to defend by attackin the gaps of an enemy unity of command - ANSWER-for every objective, ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander simplicity - ANSWER-Prepare clear, uncomplicated planes and clear, concise orders to ensure understanding surprise - ANSWER-Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner which he is unprepared METT_T - ANSWER-III. METT-T ---------- Defences a. Mission b. Enemy i. DrawD c. Terrain- i. KOCOA-W 1. Key terrain 2. Obstacles 3. Cover and concealment 4. Observation 5. Avenues of approach 6. Weapons- interlocking fields of fire. d. Troops and fire support- CAS, a reserve e. Time- Availability or time is priority DRAW-D - ANSWER-Defend Reinforce Attack Withdraw Delay KOCOA-W - ANSWER-1. Key terrain 2. Obstacles 3. Cover and concealment 4. Observation 5. Avenues of approach 6. Weapons- interlocking fields of fire. Offense purpose - ANSWER-i. Destroy the enemy ii. Deceive and divert iii. Deprive the enemy of rescources iv. Gain information 16 fundermentals - ANSWER-1. Orient on the enemy 2. Gain and maintain contact 3. Develop the situation 4. Contrate superior firepower at the decisive time and place. 5. Achieve surprise 6. Exploit known enemy weaknesses 7. Seize or control key terrain 8. Gain and retain the initiative 9. Neutralize the enemy ability to react 10. Advance by fire and maneuver 11. Maintain e manever 12. Act quick exploit success 13. Exploit success 14. Be flexible 15. Be aggressive types of attack (FFEPI) - ANSWER-i. Frontal- Straight in the enemy 1. Least preferred 2. rapid ii. Flanking- of a weakness 1. Avoids the strengh iii. Envelopment - most important 1. Attack the enemies rear. iv. Penetration 1. Rupture and widen it v. Infiltration purpose of the defense - ANSWER-a. To defend from enemy attack b. To develop more favorable conditions for offensive operations c. To gain time to prepare d. Primary-to develop more favorable conditions for offensive. Develop Retain for key terrain and prevent the enemies occupation of the defense types of Defense - ANSWER-a. Linenar b. Perimeter c. Reverse Slope d. Depth e. Air f. Mobile Defensive considerations - ANSWER-a. Preparation b. Mutual support c. integrate obstacle plan with fire plan d. Counter attack. e. Defenders f. Problems of command i. Naval warfare and land warfare ii. Commander amphibious task forse Amphibous Invasion aspects - ANSWER-a. Terrain and georgraphy b. Stratigic envelopment c. Flexibility d. Maneuver - turning the enemy e. Chaotic and decentralized nature Phases of Amphibious Operations - ANSWER-PERMA Planning - ANSWER-i. Planning- The planning phase normally denotes the period extending from the issuance of an initiating directive that triggers planning for a specific operation and ends with the embarkation of landing forces. Embarking - ANSWER-ii. Embarkation- he embarkation phase is the period during which the landing force with its equipment and supplies, embark in assigned shipping. The landing plan and the scheme of maneuver ashore will influence which staffs and units are embarked on which ships, Rehearsals - ANSWER-iii. Rehearsals- Test the adequacy of plans, timing of detailed operations, and combat readiness of participating forces. Provide time for all echelons to become familiar with plans. Test communications and information systems. Rehearsal may consist of an actual landing or may be conducted as a command. Movements - ANSWER-iv. Movements- The movement phase is the period during which various elements of the amphibious force move from points of embarkation or from a forward-deployed position to the operational area. Action - ANSWER-v. Action - The action phase is the period from the arrival of the amphibious force in the operational area, through the accomplishment of the mission and the termination of the amphibious operation Development of amphibious Technology - ANSWER-a. AAV-Amphib assalt vehical b. Osprey- c. Unmanned aircraft What is the definition of war? - ANSWER-The definition of war is, "A violent clash of interests between or among organized groups characterized by the use of military force." What is the essence of war described as? - ANSWER-The essence of war is described as, "...a violent struggle between two hostile, independent, and irreconcilable wills, each trying to impose itself on the other." What are the eight elements of Battlefield Dynamics? - ANSWER-1. Friction 2. Uncertainty 3. Fluidity 4. Disorder 5. Complexity 6. The Human Dimension 7. Violence and Danger 8. Physical, Moral, and Mental Forces Define friction. - ANSWER-"Friction is the force that makes the apparently easy so difficult." What are the four types of friction? - ANSWER-Mental Physical External Internal Explain uncertainty. - ANSWER-Described in MCDP-1 as the "fog of war," this aspect is closely related to friction as it is a catalytic component of mental friction. Explain fluidity. - ANSWER-Given all the influencing agents in war, the environment rapidly changes as those involved struggle to impose their will. Restricted and inflexible thought will frequently succumb to the dynamic atmosphere or war. Explain disorder. - ANSWER-In the midst of the fight, friction, uncertainty, and fluidity will cause well laid plans to go awry. Information will be unavailable or misinterpreted causing ineffective actions. Explain complexity. - ANSWER-War is governed not by individual actors but by collective action. Attempting to simplify the environment by centralizing control under an individual turns a blind eye to the true nature of war, and limits our ability to move in consonance with the fluidity of each situation. Explain the human dimension. - ANSWER-By nature, humans are not predisposed to killing. It goes against society's norm. In this regard moral factors add to the dynamics on the battlefield. Further, because war is a struggle of will, human emotional capacity and physical capacity will be taxed. Explain violence and danger. - ANSWER-Closely related to the Human Dimension, the goal is to be able to control the Human Dimension to maintain the will to fight. A harrowing experience, the battlefield will test the limits of all involved. We can mitigate the unavoidable effect of violence and danger by knowing and testing the limits (through training) of ourselves and those we lead. Explain physical, moral, and mental factors. - ANSWER-Quantifiable effects of physical factors such as how many people we have versus the enemy, is easy to conceptualize. The effect of the intangible moral and mental factors described above are more difficult to identify, yet they have the greatest impact on the ability to maintain our will through the fight. What are the three levels of war? - ANSWER-Strategic Tactical Operational Explain the strategic level of war. - ANSWER-The strategic level is the highest level and is composed of two types; national strategy and military strategy. For the same reasons that our will to fight as Marines is subordinate to the American people's will to fight, military strategy is subordinate to military strategy. That is to say, military strategy only comes into play when the national strategy demands it, backed by the will of the American people. Explain the tactical level of war. - ANSWER-The tactical level is the lowest level of war. It is the specific application of combat power to defeat an enemy force in combat at a particular time and place. It concerns the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in the execution of the missions. A squad ambushing an enemy; a company securing a city; a joint operation clearing a province are all examples of the tactical level. Explain the operational level of war. - ANSWER-The operational level is the level that links the tactical level to the strategic level by guiding tactical results to attain strategic objectives. To understand, let's review in conjunction with the strategic and tactical levels. Explain the spectrum of conflict. - ANSWER-Conflict can take several forms that occur in varying frequency and with varying risk. Conflict can be very low intensity humanitarian operations, or high intensity all out war between countries and beyond. In general, low intensity conflict happens with greater frequency, and because they are low intensity offer less risk to both national strategy and the actors involved. Conversely, high intensity conflict and all out war offer more risk and therefore are less likely to occur. Explain spectrum of conflict and will. - ANSWER-The reason high risk conflict is less likely is because it requires greater collective will to withstand the violence and therefore be successful. In contrast, low risk conflict requires less collective will since there is less violence to overcome to be successful. Using Haiti as an example of low intensity humanitarian operations, there is little risk of military conflict. There is a risk of disorder and violence, but relatively speaking, it is small. There is also little risk to national strategy as it is unlikely that the Untied States would be seen as an unfavorable actor. Given the decreased risk, the need for collective national will is small, as the American people are not exposed to death of service members, and are generally liberal in their contribution to humanity. At the execution level of war what are the seven theories the Marine Corps utilizes to ensure success? - ANSWER-1. Initiative and Response 2. Styles of Warfare 3. Combat Power 4. Speed and Focus 5. Surprise and Boldness 6. Centers of Gravity and Critical Vulnerabilities 7. Creating and Exploiting Opportunity Explain initiative and response. - ANSWER-In war you are either; imposing your will on the opponent through initiative, also known as the offense; or responding to the opposition's imposition of will, also known as the defense. In this regard, the offense allows us to strike the enemy with our will, where as the defense allows us to withstand the enemy's will. The goal of defense is to maintain the status quo of the current situation. The goal of the offense is to advance change from the current situation. What are the two styles of warfare? - ANSWER-Attrition Warfare Maneuver Warfare Explain attrition warfare. - ANSWER-The basic essence of attrition warfare is pitting strength against strength, attacking a problem head on. Actor A brings all the firepower and materiel to bear on actor B who attempts to do the same. Explain maneuver warfare. - ANSWER-Maneuver warfare attempts to attack a problem from a position of advantage by circumventing the mass of force and attacking the system. As Marines, we seek to fight an unfair fight by gaining every advantage we can and destroying the enemy systematically. Explain combat power. - ANSWER-In our execution of maneuver warfare, we seek to strike at the decisive point to be victorious. Because the decisive point is our objective, it becomes the focus of our effort, and therefore where we apply our combat power. Combat power is the total destructive force of our will we can bring to bear on our enemy. We can build combat power by tangible means (such as superior numbers and technology) and intangible means (such as effects of maneuver, tempo, surprise, or will). We build combat power by massing the effects of all these means. Explain speed and focus. - ANSWER-In our discussion of combat power, you probably picked up on the need to focus our efforts. Focusing our effort at the decisive point is critical to maximizing our combat power. Speed and more specifically tempo also help us build greater combat power. If we can identify the decisive point that allows us to systematically defeat the enemy, and hit the enemy hard at that point with a speed greater than he can react, then we seize the initiative. Explain surprise and boldness. - ANSWER-Both of these theories allow us to further our combat power by shocking the enemy's psyche, eroding their will to fight by turning the dynamics of the battlefield against them. Surprise allows us to build power by shocking the enemy into inaction, striking in a fashion that they are unable to respond to. This typically goes hand in hand with bold decisions made on the battlefield, even in the face of friction and uncertainty. What are the three centers of gravity/critical vulnerabilities? - ANSWER-Surfaces and gaps Center of gravity Critical Vulnerability Explain surfaces and gaps. - ANSWER-We frequently apply the concept of surfaces and gaps when discussing center of gravity and critical vulnerability. A surface, as its name applies, is the hard part of the enemy; a strength. In contrast, the defensive line of the opposing team attempts to create and/or exploit gaps (weaknesses) in the offensive line, to strike the quarterback defeating the offense system. As maneuvering warfighters, we seek to maneuver through gaps, avoiding surfaces. Explain center of gravity. - ANSWER-The center of gravity is the one strength that provides power to the enemy allowing them to impose their will. It is the one surface that we seek to avoid in order to attack the enemy's system. Explain critical vulnerability. - ANSWER-The critical vulnerability is the decisive point we seek to strike the enemy at with focused combat power, defeating the enemy systematically. Explain creating and exploiting opportunity. - ANSWER-Throughout the conduct of war, given the uncertain, fluid, friction-filled environment, fleeting opportunities will be created by our action or external factors. We must be flexible, wed to no particular course, disciplined enough to operate within this fluidity to quickly take advantage of these fleeting opportunities. Explain doctrine. - ANSWER-With all war's variables, theories, and actions therein, the most important task for a military to conduct is training. The basis for much of this training is doctrine which outlines the fundamental concepts and principles for the conduct of war. It is important to remember that our doctrine is principle based, not prescriptive, and requires critical thought by our leaders. Explain professionalism. - ANSWER-Marine Corps doctrine requires a professional and disciplined approach. Our conduct of war requires leaders and the lowest level capable to make effective decisions and lead effective action as fluid as the battlefield itself. A lack of professionalism erodes to the commander's confidence that the small unit leaders will execute within their intent. Further it raises the possibility of an adverse strategic corporal event. Explain training. - ANSWER-It can be easy for a unit to ignore the intangible training such as; planning, human factors, emotional, psychological, and concepts training. This is the reason training must duplicate battle situations as much as possible, allowing for training in the intangibles as well as the tangibles. Explain orienting on the enemy. - ANSWER-To attack the system, fundamental to maneuver warfare, we must orient ourselves on the enemy. We study, analyze, and form reasonable predictions about the enemy. This allows us to orient or familiarize ourselves on how the enemy's system operates in preparation and execution, identifying the unique characteristics that make the enemy's "system" function. Explain decision making. - ANSWER-Decision making is a time competitive process that gives a tremendous advantage to the commander who can quickly make an effective decision and turn that decision into action. It can be an intuitive or analytical process depending upon time available. To be successful, commanders must develop the ability to accept a promising course of action with an acceptable degree of risk and do it more quickly than the enemy. Explain philosophy of command. - ANSWER-Commander's command philosophy in the exploitation of the enemy must be one that empowers subordinates to act on their own initiative. Explain commanders intent. - ANSWER-The commander's intent is the centralized vision described above. You can also consider it the "long-term contract." Again, it allows subordinates to understand the reason, or the larger context of the operation harmonizing their actions to the overall effort. Explain mission tactics. - ANSWER-Mission tactics is the assigning to a subordinate a mission without telling them how to accomplish it. Mission tactics are considered the "short-term contract," providing subordinates the latitude to make decisions altering the plan based on the opportunities presented them. Explain main effort. - ANSWER-The Main Effort is the commander's "bid for success" and therefore is focused on striking the enemy's critical vulnerability. The Main Effort describes both an element and an action, recognized as the most critical action to be taken to defeat the enemy. Explain combines arms. - ANSWER-To support the efforts on the battlefield, the commander seeks to employ combined arms. Combined arms are the full interaction of arms in such a way that to counteract one, the enemy must become more vulnerable to another. We pose the enemy not just with a problem but a dilemma - a no-win situation. What is War? - ANSWER-A violent clash between two hostile, independent, and irreconcilable wills, each trying to impose itself on the other. What is Doctrine? - ANSWER-A teaching of the fundamental beliefs of the Marine Corps on the subject of War. What is Friction? - ANSWER-Makes the simple difficult and the difficult seemingly impossible. How do you over come friction? - ANSWER-Knowledge, Initiative, Decisiveness, Flexibility, Experience, Training, Unit Cohesion, WILL Human dimension factors? - ANSWER-Moral, Mental, and Physical Theory of war cycle? - ANSWER-History>Theory>Doctrine Elements of National Power? - ANSWER-National Policy: Diplomatic, Information, Military, Economic 3 levels of war? - ANSWER-1. Strategic 2. Operational 3. Tactical 2 styles of warfare? - ANSWER-Attrition and Manuever Manuever Warfare in practice? - ANSWER-1. Combat power 2. Critical vulnerability (key weakness) 3. Center of gravity (key strength) Define Tactics. - ANSWER-The art and science of winning engagements. Tenents of Manuever Warfare? - ANSWER-Critical factors analysis, mission tactics, CO's intent, decentralized decision making, main effort, orient on the enemy, combined arms OODA Loop? - ANSWER-Observe, Orient, Decide, Act 2 methods of decision making? - ANSWER-Analytical (not time critical) and Recognitional (time of crisis/time critical) Decision making variables? - ANSWER-Risk, Information, Time, Certainty, Experience, Human Factors Decision Making Stimuli- Criteria? - ANSWER-Rational Calculation, Intuition (gut feeling), Emotion/chance. Rational Calculation - ANSWER-The realm of analytical desicion making. What are the Battle Field Dynamics - ANSWER-Friction, Uncertainty, Disorder, Human reaction, Violence and Danger What are the Nine Principles of War - ANSWER-Mass, Objective, Offensive, Surprise, Economy of Force, Maneuver, Unity of Command, Security, Simplicity What is Attrition Warfare - ANSWER-Pursues victory through the cumulative destruction of the enemy's material assets by superior firepower What is Maneuver Warfare - ANSWER-Stems from a desire to circumvent a problem and attack it from a position of advantage rather than meet it straight on Principle warfighting doctrine of USMC. - ANSWER-MCDP 1 Warfigting What is the object of war? - ANSWER-Impose our will on the ENY What is friction? - ANSWER-Anything that makes the easy difficult. 4 Types of Friction - ANSWER-MIPEMental, physical, internal, external What is one thing that is unique to war? - ANSWER-Human element/dimension What is a MAGTF - ANSWER-Marine Air Ground Task Force 4 Elements of a MAGTF - ANSWER-Ground Combate Element Command Element Air Combat Element Logistics Combat Element Nonlinear - ANSWER-Minor incidents that can have decisive effects. (If someone has a better definition feel free to go for it!) Instruments of national power. - ANSWER-DIME Diplomatic, information, military, and economic War must serve.... - ANSWER-Policy The strategy used in pursuit of limited political objectives? - ANSWER-Erosion What are the three levels of war? - ANSWER-Strategic, Operational, Tactical Style of Warfare that circumvents a problem and attacks it from a position of advantage? - ANSWER-Maneuver What is the culminating point? - ANSWER-Given we can't hold on to the offensive or defensive forever, the culminating point is the point in which we switch from offensive to defensive. "Point in which we can no longer carry out our operations." Offense and Defense: The more efficient form? - ANSWER-Defense Initiative and Response: The preferred form of action? - ANSWER-Initiative. What does compression of the Levels of War refer to? - ANSWER-Overlap of the different levels of war. What is combat power? - ANSWER-Total destructive force we can bear on the ENY Speed over time is? - ANSWER-Tempo Three ways to achieve surprise? - ANSWER-SAD Stealth, Ambiguity, Deception What is a CV? - ANSWER-Pathway to reach the center of gravity. 6 Troop Leading Steps - ANSWER-BAMCIS B-begin planning A-arrange for recon and cooridnation M-make recon C-complete plan I-Issue order S-supervise Principles of War - ANSWER-MOOSEMUSS-PLR Mass Objective Offensive Simplicity Economy of Force Maneuver Unity of Command Security Surprise Perseverance Legitimacy Restraint Five Paragraph Order - ANSWER-SMEAC Situation Mission Execution Admin/LOGO Command/Signal Estimate of the situation - ANSWER-METT-TC Mission ENY Troops and FSP available Terrain and Weather Time Available Civilians Phases of Amphib Ops - ANSWER-PERMA Planning Embarkation Rehearsal Movement Action Types of Amphib Ops - ANSWER-DRAW-O Demonstration Raid Assault Withdraw Other Asses the ENY situation (composition and disposition) - ANSWER-SALUTE Size Activity Location Unit Time Equipment ENY Limitations and Capabilities - ANSWER-DRAW-D Defend Reinforce Attack Withdraw Delay Mission Statement - ANSWER-Has 2 parts: TASK and PURPOSE Surfaces - ANSWER-A strength Gap - ANSWER-A weakness Combined Arms - ANSWER-You put the ENY in the no win situation where they just have to lay there and die. "putting them in the horns of dilemma." Combat operations process. OODA-loop - ANSWER-Observe Orient Decide Act CATF - ANSWER-Commander of amphibious task force. (Navy side) CLF - ANSWER-Commander, Landing Force (Marine Side) Fires - ANSWER-Use of weapons systems to create a specific lethal or nonlethal effect on a target command and control - ANSWER-The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces to accomplish a mission. Force Protection - ANSWER-The measures taken to preserve the forces potential so that it can be applied at the appropriate time and place. logistics - ANSWER-Encompasses all the activities required to move and sustain military forces intelligence - ANSWER-Provides the commander with an understanding of the ENY and the battle space and identifies the ENY's CG and CV 4 Types of Offensive - ANSWER-pursuit movement to contact exploitation attack 6 Forms of Maneuver - ANSWER-T.I.P.E-FF turning movement infiltration penetration envelopment flanking attack frontal attack 3 Fundamental types of defense - ANSWER-R.A.M Retrograde Area Defense Mobile Defense OKOCA-W - ANSWER-Observation and Fields of Fire Key Terrain Obstacles Cover and Concealment Avenues of Approach Weather Commanders bid for success - ANSWER-Main Effort Seeks to shatter the EN cohesion through a variety of rapid, focused, and unexpected actions which create a turbulent and rapidly deteriorating situation with which the EN cannot cope. - ANSWER-Manuever Warfare A point, if retained, that provides a commander with a marked advantage over his opponent; a time or location where EN weakness is positioned that allows overwhelming combat power to be generated against it. - ANSWER-Decisive point. The point that the defensive element of the offense is most vulnerable to the offensive element of the defense. - ANSWER-Culminating point 2. Gives subordinates notice of a following order or mission. - ANSWER-Warning Order The Tactics of assigning a subordinate a mission without telling them how - ANSWER-Mission Tactics METT-TSL-->EMLCO--> X--> SOM/FSP/SIG-->Tasks & ME - ANSWER-CG/CV/Plan to Exploit Amphib Operations - ANSWER-An amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by a amphibious force embarked in ships or craft with the primary purpose of introducing a a landing force ashore to accomplish the assigned mission. The relationship between the Navy and Landing Force - ANSWER-supported and supporting. (blank), instilled through leadership, is the driving force of all action in war - ANSWER-Human Will T or F: The conduct of war is fundamentally a dynamic process of human competition requiring Knowledge of science Creativity of art Ultimately driven by human will - ANSWER-True Conceptual Author - ANSWER-Henri Jomini Combat power and its concentration at the decisive place and time. - ANSWER-Mass Increasingly more difficult to obtain in Joint or Coalition warfare and in peace time organization. - ANSWER-Unity of Command Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders to ensure thorough understanding - ANSWER-Simplicity Creates usable mass by using minimum combat power on secondary objectives. - ANSWER-Economy of Force Overarching warfighting function that enables all other warfighting functions. - ANSWER-C2 (command and control) Maneuver - ANSWER-The dynamic element of combat and the means of concentrating forces for decisive action. 6 Functions of Logistics i.e. Logistics at the tactical level. GMT-HSS - ANSWER-General Engineering Maintenance Transportation Health Service Support Supply Services A limited-objective, supporting attack away from the main effort to distract the ENY's attention. Involves contact with the ENY and must be of sufficient strength to confuse the ENY about the location of the main attack. - ANSWER-Feint Flanking Attack - ANSWER-Avoid the enemy's principle orientation Attack from an unexpected direction Envelopment - ANSWER-Pass around / over the principle defense Attack positions in the rear Secure other high value objectives Bypass a strength and attack a weakness 3 Types of Retrograde - ANSWER-Delay, Withdraw, Retirement 6 Defensive Methods - ANSWER-BS-PLR-S.......Battle position, Strong Point, Perimeter, Linear, Reverse Slope, Sector 8 Ways to Gain Advantage of the ENY - ANSWER-SAME-TACC Surprise Ambush Mentality Maneuver Exploiting the Environment Trapping the Enemy Asymmetry Combined Arms Complimentary Forces 6 Warfighting Functions - ANSWER-FF-ILMC Force Protection Fires Intelligence Logistics Maneuver Command and Control Mobile Defense - ANSWER-Form of defense that places a small part of the combat power in a fixed place so that it draws the ENY in while the mobile combat power is able to attack the ENY as they're focused on attacking the small fixed force. Uses elements of surprise (SAD). NEEDS A LOT OF DEPTH. Area Defense - ANSWER-Similar to mobile defense it lures the ENY in. But its different because theres a large static force that stays in one place and a small mobile team. Used for defending terrain. Retrograde - ANSWER-Delay the ENY Withdraw forces in contact Retire forces not in direct contact Battle position - ANSWER-defensive position oriented on the most likely ENY avenue of approach. Occupied for a short period of time. Strong Point - ANSWER-Defensive point similar to battle position but intended to be occupied for a longer period of time. Essentially its like a home base. Perimeter Defense - ANSWER-Defense that's lined up in a circle Linear Defense - ANSWER-Defense oriented in one direction Reverse Slope - ANSWER-Defense that is also in one line but on top of a crest. Stealth - ANSWER-Deny ENY any knowledge of impending action Ambiguity - ANSWER-Act in a way that the ENY does not know what to expect. Deception - ANSWER-Convince the ENY we're going to do one thing and do another. Marine Corps force planning is...... - ANSWER-concept based What is the essence of war? - ANSWER-Two opposing wills trying seeking to shatter one another. CCIR - ANSWER-commander's critical information requirements 3 dimensions of the information environment - ANSWER-PIC: Physical, information, cognitive Different types of RMA - ANSWER-Gunpowder, industrial rev 1, industrial rev 2, and information Gaining the advantage - ANSWER-SAME-TACC Surprise Ambush mentality Maneuver Exploit the Eny Trapping the ENY Asymmetry Complimentary Forces Combined Arms MAGTF Core competencies - ANSWER-Reserver Integration Combined Arms Operations Sea Based Operations Forcible Entry from the Sea Expeditionary Operations Elements of a MAGTF for a MEU - ANSWER-MEU CE BLT Composite Squadron MEU CLB 6 Maritime Strategic Imperatives - ANSWER-Sea Control Forward Presence Humanitarian aid/Disaster Relief Power Projection Deterrence Maritime Security 6 functions of Marine Air - ANSWER-OAS, AAW, EW, Assault support, Aerial Recon, Control of Aircraft/Missiles What is the physical dimension? - ANSWER-individuals, systems, and organizations Recon pull - ANSWER-The FOs go out and pull the commander and his team along by painting them a picture of the current AO. Recon Push - ANSWER-The commander has knowledge of the current AO but push out recon to confirm what commander already knows. Characteristics of War - ANSWER-uncertaintiy fluidity disorder friction evolution of warfare art and science complexity violence and danger mental, moral, and physical human dimension War as an act of policy - ANSWER-War is an extension of both policy and politics with the addition of military force War must serve policy War involves cultural, psychological and social factors Strategy of annihilation - ANSWER-Seeks to destroy an enemy's power, don't need to destroy but just incapacitate to paralyze the enemy Strategy of erosion - ANSWER-Erode the enemy's will. Make the enemy give in Means of war - ANSWER-Highest level involves economic, diplomatic, and psychological forces as well as military forces Spectrum of conflict - ANSWER-War ranges from total war to MOOTW- peacemaking and humanitarian relief -small wars more probable - low intensity conflicts often have very high intensity firefights Levels of war - ANSWER-- lowest= tactical - operational =links tactics and strategy - strategic- national strategy and military strategy Tactical level - ANSWER-Lowest, is the technique and methods for accomplishing a particular mission. - defeating the enemy at a place and time and winning battles Operational level - ANSWER-Links tactics and strategy - decide where, when, under conditions we meet enemy - winning campaigns Strategic level - ANSWER-Involves national strategy and military strategy National strategic - ANSWER-Set policy objectives and mobilize the national resources Military strategy - ANSWER-Means for attaining policy goals Intitiative - ANSWER-Impose our will and bring the enemy to our terms Striking power - ANSWER-Associated with initiative or a good defense Culminating point - ANSWER-When switching from attacking to defense and it's the most vulnerable to counterattack Styles of warfare - ANSWER-Exist on a spectrum btw attrition and maneuver Attrition - ANSWER-Seats to wear down the enemies material resources Maneuver warfare - ANSWER-For a advantage position and destroy the enemy by paralyzed and the enemy system - enemies streghts exploited maneuver warfare is about speed and surprise Combat power - ANSWER-Total destructive force going up on the enemy at a given time or place and consist of material main weapons and tstrain and other factors Speed - ANSWER-Is rapidity of action Tempo - ANSWER-Is speed over time must develop a rhythm with weapon systems Focus - ANSWER-Cooperation toward a common goal Surprise - ANSWER-Creates disorientation from unexpected acts which disgraces the enemy's will. Allows small forces to defeat larger forces Requires speed and stealth, ambiguity Boldness - ANSWER-It's exploiting the disorder nature and requires good situation awareness and involves taking the deciding upon a course of action demands that we must execute violently COG - ANSWER-capabilities positions or the relationship between elements of an enemy focus may be a vital element to the enemies ability to fight. We want to eliminate the enemies vital component CV - ANSWER-Where our actions will have the most destructive effect Conclusion chapter 2 - ANSWER-War is political must meet policy goals Force planning - ANSWER-Is planning associated with the creation and maintenance of military capabilities the objective of force planning is to require state of readiness. Require coordination doctrine training and equipment Organization - ANSWER-Operating forces must be organized to provide forward deployed or rapidly deplorable forces capable of conducting expeditionary operations Doctrine - ANSWER-Central beliefs of the Marine Corps has on the subject of War . Establish a particular way of thinking about warfare and sets forth guidance to conduct war Professionism - ANSWER-Leaders must be true experts in the contact of war and must be individuals of action confidence warfare is a profession and it requires intelligence as well as careful study - trusses and essential element of leadership relationship between leaders must be based on honesty subordinates must provide professional opinions into a commander reaches a decision once it is made all .leaders must back of the decision Training - ANSWER-Training is continuous and can be learned after each patrol. Training must produce the fog of war PME - ANSWER-Designed to develop creative and thinking leader ready to do the job of there superiors Personell management - ANSWER-Fosters stability and cohesion. Promotions should be rewarded those who seek responsibility and imitative Equipping - ANSWER-Equipment should be easy to operate and maintain it must be liable for the more equipment should consist with Marine corp doctrine and missions. Must not relay on technology and must balance with the development of tactics Conclusion. Chapter 3 - ANSWER-The two military for machines are waging war and preparing for the conduct preparation or immediately related is to prepare leaders is or fail on the battlefield Challenge - ANSWER-To develop a war fighting style which takes an account chaos and fluid nature of the modern battlefieldwe must consider all factors of war including the physical, moral and mental factors of war and it must fit into our expeditionary nature where it supports our numbers Maneuver warfare - ANSWER-Based upon rapid flexible and optimistic maneuvering it takes up both space and time and also maneuvering seats to shatters the enemy cohesion through rapid focus and unexpected actions that create a chaotic situation which the enemy cannot coupe Paralyze the enemy - ANSWER-Place the enemy into a dilemma from which he has no escape his situation seems hopeless causing panic Maneuvering - ANSWER-Speed is necessary to keep the enemy off balance we use focus to maximize the fact about combat power using violent actions that cause shock and his shocks the enemies ability to react -surprise is the central element of maneuvering warfare -leaders must think one level above their own in order to keep the unit focus on the mission of higher Orientating on the enemy - ANSWER-Maneuvering forces destroy the enemy system we must understand how to penetrate it and rip it apart by finding the CV Philosophy of command - ANSWER-In order to support the fluid and chaotic nature of the battlefield man must decentralize subordinate leaders must use their own initiative to accomplish the task which supports the seniors intent - leaders must not micromanage Leaders must learn how to fight in and atmosphere of chaos Leaders must be bold and process sound judgment and initiative they must have confidence and trust those throughout their command Shaping the action - ANSWER-Do initiative with my shape the course of actions by creating opportunities through initiative we must look through the enemies eyes and identify their weaknesses and we must maintain momentum and freedom of movement we must picture a desired result and shape the battlefield to meet those desires Decision-making - ANSWER-Actions of war as result of the decision or a non-I decision -Time is a critical factor -we must have situational awareness intelligence knowledge and experience moral courage is also required Mission tactics - ANSWER-Mission tactics supports decentralized commands. -subordinate leaders or told what to do but not how to do it - -this is a contract between senior and the subordinate to see you gives the orders improvise provides the tools for the mission is up to subordinate to execute in accordance to the larger Tactical picture Commanders intent - ANSWER-This allows Subordinates you take the initiative and use their judgment the .- -purpose or intent is more important than the actual task of the mission - the end result is key Main effort - ANSWER-Aimed at an objective that has great effect this involves risk by concentrating I'll combat power and relying on economic of force actions. - a Commander may shift their main effort in order to exploit an opportunity Surfaces and gaps - ANSWER-Services are an enemy strenghts and gaps are his weaknesses we seek to avoid the surfaces and penetrate the gaps combined arms - ANSWER-Placing the enemy in a dilemma through tactics at a lower level and through task organization at higher levels each weapon is used to complement another. Conclusion of chapter 4 - ANSWER-Maneuver warfare applies to both a battalion commander and a fire team leader is used in every situation is the basic way of thinking shaping the action it is how we fight smarter identify the duties as the Commander of the Guard to preserve order, enforce regulations, and protect property. - ANSWER-1. Ensuring the proper training, discipline, and performance of the guard. 2. Conducting guard school. 3. Inspecting all guard personnel while on post and before posting. 4. Ensuring guard personnel are properly armed and equipped for their duty.