Psychological Disorders and Therapy 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Psychological Disorder a "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, distrubing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable Medical Model the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital Bio-psycho-social Perspective a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psycholgical disorders DSM-IV The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnositc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision" (DSM-IV-TR) Neurotic Disorder a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic disorder a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Anxiety Disorders psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Includes the diagnoses for specitic phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Panic Disorder an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations Phobia an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive throughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Agoraphobia fear of open, public spaces Social Phobia fear of situation in which one could embarrass oneself in public, such as when eating in a restaurant or giving a lecture Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Involves flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in or observation of an extremely troubling event such as a war or natural disaster (memories of the event cause anxiety) Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Such a person experiences a physical problem in the absences of any physical cause. Two somatoform disorders are hyochondriasis and converstion disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder Condition wherein a person has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. Such a person may believe that minor problems, such as headaches or occasional shortness of breath, are indicative of severe physical illness even after he or she is assured by doctors that no evidence of such physiological problems exist Conversion Disorder Condition wherein a person will report the existence of a severe physical problem, such as paralysis or blindess, and will, in fact be unable to move their arms or see. No biological reason for the problem can be identified Dissociative Disorders Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, throughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (also called multiple personality disorder.) Person may have many different personalities often of different ages and sexes Personality Disorders psycholgical disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Antisocial Personality Disorder a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Fugue condition wherein a person not only experiences psychogenic amnesia but also finds himself or herself in an unfamiliar environment. Mood Disorders psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. Most common Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder) Seasonal Affective Disorder condition wherein a person experiences depression but only during certain times of the year, usually winter, when there is less sunlight Learned Helplessness Depression has been found to correlate positively with feelings of learned helplessness. Occurs when one's prior experiences have caused a person to view himself or herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable. This results in passivity and depression Schizophrenia a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Tends to strike people as they enter young adulthood Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution (belief that people are out to get you), of grandeur (belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do) that may accompany psychotic disorders Dopamine Hypothesis states that high levels of dopamine seem to be associated with schizophrenia Tardive Dyskinesia muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti-psychotic drugs Diasthesis-Stress Model Often applied to schizophrenia but can be more widely applied to many psycholgical and physical disorders. Environmental stressors can provide the circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself, Helps explain why even people with identical genetic makeups do not always suffer from the same disorders Dependent Personality Disorder Sufferers rely too much on the attention and help of others Paranoid Personality Disorder Sufferers feel constantly persecuted Narcissistic Personality Disorder Sufferers see themselves as the center of the universe (narcissism means self-love) Histrionic Personality Disorder Sufferers exhibit overly dramatic behavior Rosenhan Study In 1978, David Rosenhan conducted a study in which he and a number of associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals. All claimed that they had been hearing voices, that was the sole symptom they reported. All were admitted to the institutions as suffering from schizophrenia. At the time, they ceased reporting any unusual symptoms and behaved as they usual;y idid. None of them were exposed as imposters, and all ultimately left the institutions with the diagnosis of schizophrenia in remission Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. - all forms of talk therapy. Eclectic Approach an approach to psychotherapy that depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams and tranferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight Resistance in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. - describe a patient disagreeing with his or her therapist's interpretations Interpretation in psychanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight Transference in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) - in the course of therapy, patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapists Client-Centered Therapy - a humanisic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy) - therapist providing the client with unconditional positive regard Active Listening empathic listening in whic the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy Behavior Therapy therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors Counterconditioning a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning Exposure Therapies behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid Systematic Desensitization a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias Aversive Conditioning a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) Token Economy an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. Often used in mental institutions or schools Cognitive Therapy therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Cognitive-Behavior Therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy ( changing self-defeated thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Family Therapy (Group Therapy) therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family member toward positive relationships and improved communication Meta-analysis a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies Psychopharmacology the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior - most common type of somatic therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Lithium a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the modd swings of bipolar (manic depressive) disorders Psychosurgery surgery that removes or detroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior Lobotomy a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cure the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain Somatic Treatments Medical treatments for psychological disorders, including drug treatments (psychopharmacology), psychosurgery, and elxtroconvulsive shock therapy Gestalt Therapy Developed by Fritz Perls. Emphasize the importance of the whole and encourage their clients to get in touch with their whole selves (maybe by focusing in body position or integrating all actions, feelings, and thoughts) Existential Therapies Humanisitc therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives - see clients' difficulties as caused by the clients having lost or failed to develop a sense of their lives' purpose. Flooding Type of behavior therapy. Unlike the gradual process of systematic desensitization, flooding involves having the client address the most frightening scenario first Anxiety Hierarchy part of the process of systematic desensitization. A rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening Attributional Style Cognitive therapies sometimes involve challenging unhealthy attributional styles. Like attributing failures to internal, global, and permanent aspects of the self. Like "I am an idiot". Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy A type of cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients. The therapist would question the likelihood of being embarassed in a social situation. Somatic Therapies Therapies that produce bodily changes. Psychologists with a biomedical orientation see the cause of psychological diroders as being organic (imbalances in neurotransmitters or hormones etc.) and advocate the use of somatic therapies Antipsychotic Drugs Type of somatic therapy used to treat schizophrenia, which is generally treated with antipsychotic drugs (e.g. Thorazine or Haldol) - Function by blocking the receptor sites for dopamine - An unfortunate side effect of antipschotic medication is tardive dyskinesia, Parkisonian-like, chronic muscle tremors Antidepressant Drugs -type of somatic therapy used to treat mood disorders - the three most common kinds of drugs used to treat unipolar depression are tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase, inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (SSRIs liek Prozac) Antianxiety Drugs Type of somatic therapy used to treat anxiety disorders - Act by depressing the activity of the central nervous system, thus making people feel more relaxed. Two main types are barbiturates and benzodiazepines Psychiatrists a kind of therapist. They are medical doctors and are therefore the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication in most U.S. states Clinical Psychologists Kind of therapist. Hold doctoral degrees that require four or more years of study. They then work in an internship overseen by a more experienced professional Counseling Psychologists Kind of therapist that has graduate degree in psychology. They have generally undergone less training and deal with less severe problems than clinical psychologists do. Psychoanalysts A kind of therapist that has specifically trained in Freudian methods. They may or may not hold medical degrees Tourette's Disorder Inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple physical tics and at least one vocal tic. Borderline Personality Disorder Personality disorder whose essential features are a pattern of marked impulsivity and instability of affects, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. Separation Anxiety Disorder Anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or from people whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment. Social Anxiety Disorder Anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear in one or more social situations. Oppositional Defiant Disorder Ongoing pattern of anger-guided disobedience, hostility, and defiant behavior toward authority figures that goes beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior. Humanistic Therapy A positive, loving form of therapy often group or family therapy but aimed at helping the observer see the positive and work to fix their own problems while providing them love and acceptance. Biomedical Therapy include specific medical procedures and medications that can help to alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders.