AQA A-Level Organic Synthesis Latest 2023 Already Passed

AQA A-Level Organic Synthesis Latest 2023 Already Passed Alkane to Halogenoalkane X2, UV light Mechanism = free radical substitution Halogenoalkane to Alkene KOH, dissolved in ethanol and heated under reflux Mechanism = Elimination Alkene to Halogenoalkane HX at room temperature Mechanism = Electropholic Addition Halogenoalkane to Alcohol Warm NaOH/KOH, heated under reflux Mechanism = Nucleophilic Substitution Halogenoalkane to Nitrile KCN, dissolved in ethanol and heated under reflux Mechanism = Nucleophilic Substitution Halogenoalkane to Primary Amine Use a primary Halogenoalkane, excess ammonia and heat Mechanism = Nucleophilic Substitutuon Halogenoalkane to Secondary/Tertiary Amines, their Salts and Quaternary Ammonium Salts Use a non primary Halogenoalkane and excess ammonia and heat Mechanism = Nucleophilic Substitution Nitrile to Primary Amine LiAlH4 with a dilute acid OR H2 gas with a nickel catalyst at a high temperature Reaction type = Reduction Alkene to Dibromoalkane This is the test for an Alkene. Add bromine water at room temperature Solution will decolourise if Alkene is present. Alkene to Alcohol H3PO4 catalyst, steam at 300 deg at 60 atm Reaction type = Hydration OR H2O with a cold H2SO4 catalyst Mechanism = electrophilic Addition Alcohol to Alkene Concentrated H2SO4 heated under reflux Mechanism = Elimination Alcohol to Aldehyde Primary Alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate and heated under distillation Reaction type = Oxidation Alcohol to Ketone Secondary Alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate and heated under reflux Reaction type = Oxidation Aldehyde/Ketone to Alcohol NaBH4, in Water with Methanol Mechanism = Nucleophilic Addition Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid Acidified potassium dichromate heated under reflux Reaction type = Oxidation Aldehyde/Ketone to Hydroxynitrile KCN, H2SO4 at room temperature Mechanism = nucleophilic Addition Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid Primary alcohol acidified potassium dichromate heated under reflux Reaction type = Oxidation Ester to Carboxylic Acid Dilute H2SO4 catalyst, H2O, heated under reflux Reaction type = Acid Hydrolysis OR Dilute NaOH, heated under reflux Reaction type = Base Hydrolysis Carboxylic Acid to Ester Alcohol, concentrated H2SO4 catalyst and heat Reaction type = Esterification Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to Carboxylic Acid H20 at room temperature Mechanism = Nucleophilic Addition Elimination Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to Ester Alcohol at room temperature Mechanism = Nucleophilic Addition Elimination Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to Primary Amine NH3 at room temperature Mechanism = Nucleophilic Addition Elimination Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride to N-substituted Amide Amine at room temperature Mechanism = Nuclephilic Addition Elimination Benzene to Nitrobenzene Concentrated H2SO4, Concentrated HNO3 (to make the NO2+) below 50 deg Mechanism = Electrophilic Substitution (when attaching to benzene) Benzene to Phenylketone RCOCL, ALCL3 catalyst, heated under reflux and in a non-aqueous environment Reaction type = Friedel-Crafts Acylation Nitrobenzene to Aromatic Amine Tin, Concentrated HCl, heated under reflux then add NaOH Reaction type = Reduction Aromatic Amine to N-Phenylethanamide CH3COCl, r.t.p The test to distinguish between aldehyde and ketones Tollen's reagent. If aldehyde is present then a silver mirror will form on the test tube (silver precipitate)