The Development Of Primary relationships
Theme 1
Health and well-being (chapter 9)
Primary relationship: A relationship that exists to the extent that two people exert strong,
frequent, and diverse effects on one another over an extended period of time.
Interdependence
Need fulfillment
Emotional effects
Family, friends, and romances.
Relationships are important for mental and physical health.
People with relationships of less qualities:
Die younger, more illness, poor health conditions, poor immune system.
In the past men benefit more from marriage. Nowadays marriage has benefits, when bad
marriage men extent externalized behavior, women internalizing behavior.
Social selection hypothesis: Mental health problems cause marriage breakdown.
Social causation hypothesis: Marriage breakdown cause mental health problems.
Primairy relationships important for health but when searching for social status and
acceptance, results in risk behavior. This causes poorer physical health.
Determinants of relationships (chapter 3)
Proximity
Physical distance: number of meters you are apart.
Functional distance: chance that you will come into contact, likelihood that you will
interact. Common friends.
Similarity
Friends/ partners are similar in
Demographics, attitudes and values, personality, popularity, physical
attraction (Matching hypothesis: people choose people who are equally
attractive as themselves), antisocial behavior and depression.
Complementarity
Opposites do not attract, only in case of dominance / submission.
Attractiveness
Beauty facilitates a social life.
Halo effect: If someone is attractive, we easily attribute positive characteristics.
Reciprocal liking
Reciprocity effect: We like people who express a linking for us.
Self-fulfilling prophecy, transforming belief into reality.
Complex effect: the people we like most are those who we initially disliked.
Competence
Prefer to be with people who are socially skilled, intelligent, and competent.
, Theories of attractions (chapter 4)
Reinforcement theory: People behave in ways that are rewarding and desist from behavior
with adverse consequences.
Social exchange theory
Economic model, maximize rewards and minimize costs, most satisfying and
long-lasting relationships are those that involve the greatest rewards / lowest
costs.
Limitations: Humans are not rational. We not only weigh the present, but also
past and future rewards and costs.
Interdependence theory: Two cost-benefit analyses.
Comparison level: rewards we deserve (based on social norms and personal
expectations).
Comparison level for alternatives: Rewards and costs available from other
relationships.
Equity theory: people consider a relationship to be fair if what they gain from a
relationship reflects what they put in.
Limitations: Relevant for high exchange orientation relationships, less relevant for
low exchange orientation relationships.
Evolutionary theory: behavior evolved to maximize the likelihood that individuals can pass
on their genes to next generations. (Applies to romantic heterosexual relationships.)
Beauty as a sign of health. (Average and symmetry).
Parental investment theory: Men and women differ in their parenting role and will
thus use different criteria for choosing a partner.
Limitations: mostly student samples, historical/ cultural differences in partner
selection, predictive value.
College 2
- Het is minder stressvol voor studenten om online onderwijs te volgen (geen reistijd,
geen kamerhuur…)
- Vriendschap is belangrijker dan romantische relaties
- Je kan gelukkig zijn zonder romantische relatie
- Age is just a number, of toch niet?!
Theme 1
Health and well-being (chapter 9)
Primary relationship: A relationship that exists to the extent that two people exert strong,
frequent, and diverse effects on one another over an extended period of time.
Interdependence
Need fulfillment
Emotional effects
Family, friends, and romances.
Relationships are important for mental and physical health.
People with relationships of less qualities:
Die younger, more illness, poor health conditions, poor immune system.
In the past men benefit more from marriage. Nowadays marriage has benefits, when bad
marriage men extent externalized behavior, women internalizing behavior.
Social selection hypothesis: Mental health problems cause marriage breakdown.
Social causation hypothesis: Marriage breakdown cause mental health problems.
Primairy relationships important for health but when searching for social status and
acceptance, results in risk behavior. This causes poorer physical health.
Determinants of relationships (chapter 3)
Proximity
Physical distance: number of meters you are apart.
Functional distance: chance that you will come into contact, likelihood that you will
interact. Common friends.
Similarity
Friends/ partners are similar in
Demographics, attitudes and values, personality, popularity, physical
attraction (Matching hypothesis: people choose people who are equally
attractive as themselves), antisocial behavior and depression.
Complementarity
Opposites do not attract, only in case of dominance / submission.
Attractiveness
Beauty facilitates a social life.
Halo effect: If someone is attractive, we easily attribute positive characteristics.
Reciprocal liking
Reciprocity effect: We like people who express a linking for us.
Self-fulfilling prophecy, transforming belief into reality.
Complex effect: the people we like most are those who we initially disliked.
Competence
Prefer to be with people who are socially skilled, intelligent, and competent.
, Theories of attractions (chapter 4)
Reinforcement theory: People behave in ways that are rewarding and desist from behavior
with adverse consequences.
Social exchange theory
Economic model, maximize rewards and minimize costs, most satisfying and
long-lasting relationships are those that involve the greatest rewards / lowest
costs.
Limitations: Humans are not rational. We not only weigh the present, but also
past and future rewards and costs.
Interdependence theory: Two cost-benefit analyses.
Comparison level: rewards we deserve (based on social norms and personal
expectations).
Comparison level for alternatives: Rewards and costs available from other
relationships.
Equity theory: people consider a relationship to be fair if what they gain from a
relationship reflects what they put in.
Limitations: Relevant for high exchange orientation relationships, less relevant for
low exchange orientation relationships.
Evolutionary theory: behavior evolved to maximize the likelihood that individuals can pass
on their genes to next generations. (Applies to romantic heterosexual relationships.)
Beauty as a sign of health. (Average and symmetry).
Parental investment theory: Men and women differ in their parenting role and will
thus use different criteria for choosing a partner.
Limitations: mostly student samples, historical/ cultural differences in partner
selection, predictive value.
College 2
- Het is minder stressvol voor studenten om online onderwijs te volgen (geen reistijd,
geen kamerhuur…)
- Vriendschap is belangrijker dan romantische relaties
- Je kan gelukkig zijn zonder romantische relatie
- Age is just a number, of toch niet?!
