CIBTAC AND CIDESCO EXAMS 2023

Local Infection - Answer- An infection that is confined to one area e.g. pimple or boil General Infection - Answer- An infection that has spread to all parts of the body e.g. blood poisoning Cross Infection - Answer- The transfer of infection from one individual to another by direct contact or shared utensils (indirect) Immunity - Answer- Protection against certain types of invading bacteria or toxic substances once they have entered the body. It involves the ability to recognise, memorise and respond. It can be inborn or acquired. Natural Immunity - Answer- Natural exposure to disease forming organisms that the body fights off and produces antibodies to prevent reinfection. Artificial Immunity - Answer- Deliberate exposure through vaccination. Antibodies are formed and immunity is built up. Toxin - Answer- Poison consisting of complex chemical substances that enter the blood stream or skin tissue. Pus - Answer- Yellowish fluid that oozes from a wound. It contains blood and body cells and dead/living bacteria. Aerobic Bacteria - Answer- Needs oxygen to survive. Anaerobic Bacteria - Answer- Does not need oxygen to survive. Filterable Viruses - Answer- So small, they can pass through pores of porcelain filters. Hygiene - Answer- Principles of maintaining health. Sterilisation - Answer- Process of making an object germ free. - Killing. Sterile - Answer- Free from all micro organisms. Sterilise - Answer- Act of making an object germ free. Sanitation - Answer- Measures carried to promote public health and prevent spread of infection. - Prevents Growth. Sanitise - Answer- To render object clean and sanitary. Asepsis/Aseptic - Answer- Condition of being free of all pathogenic bacteria. Sepsis/Septic - Answer- Condition of being infected by pathogenic bacteria. Antiseptic - Answer- Chemical agent that may destroy or retard growth of bacteria. Not as strong as disinfectant and can be used on the skin. Disinfectant - Answer- Chemical agent that has the power to destroy bacteria. Not generally used on the skin. Disinfect - Answer- Destroy bacteria on any object. Fumigant - Answer- Vapour used to keep sterile objects sanitary, in a container or drawer. Bactericide/germicide - Answer- Chemical agent having the power to destroy bacteria/germs. Contagious - Answer- When a disease is transmitted by direct or indirect contact. Wet Sanitiser - Answer- Where objects are completely immersed in a disinfectant. Before use objects must be washed thoroughly with hot water and detergent then rinsed. Once removed from a sanitiser they must be rinsed and placed in dry cabinet sanitiser. Dry Sanitiser - Answer- Airtight cabinets containing fumigant or UV radiation, objects must be clean before use. Antiseptic Ingredients - Answer- Alcohol Boric Acid Iodine Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfectant Ingredients - Answer- QUATS (Quaternary ammonium compounds). Formalin. Formaldehyde. Alcohol. Sodium Hypo-Chlorite. Properties Of A Good Disinfectant - Answer- Convenient to prepare. Quick acting. Practically odourless. Non corrosive. Economical. Non irritating to the skin. Precautions For Using Antiseptics And Disinfectants - Answer- Wear rubber gloves. Keep containers properly labelled. Do not breathe in fumes. Keep containers sealed and in a safe place. Avoid spillages. Air Ventilation - Answer- Air should not be dry or stagnant, or have a stale or musty odour. Room temperatures should be around 26 degrees and must be ventilated. Avoid the spread of aids by: - Answer- Wearing gloves in any procedures that involve blood e.g. waxing. Moist/wet heat sterilisation - Answer- BOILING: boiling at 100 degrees for 20 minutes. STEAMING (AUTOCLAVE): steam pressure at 120-130 degrees for 20 minutes. Dry heat sterilisation - Answer- BAKING: 149 degrees for 1 hour (often used in hospitals) BEAD: glass beads 250-260 degrees for a minimum of 30 seconds. Gamma Ray Radiation - Answer- Destroys micro organisms through action of ionised particles (not suited for salon use, mostly for the medical field). First Level of Sanitation - Answer- Equipment that does not pierce the skin: 1. wash in warm soapy water 2. rinse 3. dry 4. wipe with metho 5. place in sanitising cabinet until use Second Level of Sanitation - Answer- Equipment in contact with mucous membranes and pierce the skin: 1. rinse in COLD (prevents coagulation) soapy water 2. wash in warm soapy water 3. rinse 4. dry 5. immerse in disinfectant for 10 minutes 6. rinse, dry and place in sanitising cabinet until use Third Level of Sanitation - Answer- Heat (moist or dry) and Radiation. Bacteria - Answer- One celled living organisms, reproduce through amitosis. Not visible to the naked eye. -Pathogenic (disease forming) -Non-pathogenic (good bacteria) Ideal temperature is 37 degrees in warm, dark and moist environments. Active Bacteria - Answer- Full growth in 20-30 minutes Inactive Bacteria - Answer- Unable to grow and reproduce when exposed to too much light, heat, lack of food or moisture. Spores - Answer- Hard shell like covering that bacteria forms while environment is unfavourable and allows bacteria to survive during that period. Bacteria cannot cause disease while in spore. Once conditions become favourable, the spores drop. Cocci - Answer- Round berry shaped bacteria, are not able to move in liquid. Can occur singularly or in groups. 3 main types: streptococci, staphlococci and diplococci. Streptococci - Answer- Form in chains, commonly found in respiratory tract and intestines. Can cause blood poisoning, scarlet fever. Staphylococci - Answer- Form in bunches or clusters, amongst the strongest of non-spore forming bacteria. Responsible for many skin disorders e.g. carbuncles, faruncles, food poisonng and abcesses. Diplococci - Answer- Grow in pairs causes measles and influenza. Classifications of bacteria - Answer- Cocci Bacilli Spirilla Bacilli - Answer- Rod shaped, can occur singularly or in groups. Can cause tetanus, typhoid fever. Spirilla - Answer- Corkscrew shaped and can cause syphilis. Viruses - Answer- Parasite consisting of DNA coil surrounded by a protein sheath. They are so small they can pass through a porcelain filter. All are pathogenic and do not respond to antibiotics How do Viruses Reproduce - Answer- Virus attaches itself to host cell. Virus injects DNA into cell. The cells metabolism reproduces according to DNA. The virus then destroys host cell by releasing 100-200 new viruses. How Bacteria enters the Body - Answer- Mouth: air, drinking, eating. Nose: air, water. Eyes: dirt. Ears: dirt, water. Breaks or cuts in skin. Infected blood passing into bloodstream. Exchange of bodily fluids. Bodys Defence - Answer- Tears from eyes. White blood cells. Saliva from mouth. Acid from stomach. Antitoxins. Bleeding. Mucous hairs in nose. Rising of body temperature. How Bacteria is Transmitted - Answer- Unclean hands. Unclean instruments. Sores and pus. Mouth and nose discharge. Shared use of items. Endogenous infection - Answer- Reactivation of organisms present in a dormant state e.g. tuberculosis. Exogenous infection - Answer- Caused by organisms not normally present in the body but have gained entry by the environment. Fungi - Answer- Plant like organisms moulds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular) that produce spores secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from their host which damages tissues of the body. Parasites - Answer- Organism that lives in or on a host to absorb nutrients. They damage body cells and leave toxic waste e.g. lice, scabies. Hepatitis - Answer- Inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis A - Answer- Comes from faeces to oral transmission, does not cause chronic infection and have vaccination. Most recover completely symptoms include vomiting and nausea. Hepatitis B - Answer- From blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection but can be vaccinated. Hepatitis C - Answer- From blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection and life long management. Hepatitis D - Answer- Blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection and life long management. AIDS - Answer- Last stage of hepatitis infection can can cause death. Personal hygiene - Answer- Shower daily. Use good deoderant. Use mild perfume. Have clean hair tied back. Have short, clean, manicured nails. Light, fresh makeup. No jewellery. Clean uniform. Cover cuts. Salon Hygiene - Answer- Use disposables. Keep surfaces clean. Clean equipment. Disinfect telephone. Sweep/vacuum/mop daily. Use clean towel and wrap for each client. Cover rubbish bins. Decant products. Chemical Composition of the Nail - Answer- 51.09% Carbon 6.82% Hydrogen 22.39% Oxygen 16.9% Nitrogen 2.8% Sulphur Technical Term for Nail - Answer- Onyx. Nail Plate - Answer- Hard keratin substance which rests on nail bed and extends from the nail root to free edge. Nail Root - Answer- Base of nail underneath the skin originating from the matrix. Free Edge - Answer- Part of the nail plate which extends over the finger/toe tip and is grey/white in colour. Nail Bed - Answer- Soft tissue lies beneath the nail plate providing support, it is supplied by blood vessels and nerves. Nail Matrix - Answer- Extends beneath the nail root, it is the living area where mitosis occurs, most sensitive part of the nail, contains blood, lymph and nerve vessels. Lunula - Answer- Half moon shape at base of the nail, pale in colour due to lessened blood supply. Cuticle - Answer- Natural fold of the epidermis that protects nail against infection. Hyponychium: under free edge. Eponychium: over the nail. Perionychium: sides of nail. Nail - Answer- Consists of keratinised stratified epithelial cells. Cells produced in matrix start living as cylindrical cells but rapidly become short, flat hornified cells. Growth Pattern of the Nail - Answer- Base to tip takes 6 months 3-5mm per month. Grow faster in summer than winter (UV stimulated cell regeneration). Middle finger grows faster and thumb slower. Childs nails grow faster than adults. Toenails grow slower but are thicker and harder. Nail Colour - Answer- Semi transparent showing colour of dermis underneath. Scientific Study of Nail - Answer- Onychology. Technical Term for all Nail Diseases - Answer- Onychosis. Bacteria Nail Diseases - Answer- Paronychia: feeds on moisture and oils, highly contagious and attacks nail bed and wall. - nail bed recedes and is eaten away, excessive swelling, nails are discoloured. Onychia: extension of paronychia where bacteria grows under the nail. Paronychia causes and treatments - Answer- Cutting cuticles, Improper hygiene, Having hands in water often, Nail biting, False nails Nail to be cut back and allowed to dry, Do not cover nail, Cover nail when in water Fungal Infections of the Nail - Answer- Tinea Pedis: ringworm of the foot (skin become white and sodden). Tinea Unguium (Onychomycosis): ringworm of the nail, can have yellow streaks, can become spongy and discoloured. Viral Infections of the Nail - Answer- verucca: epidermal lesion. Non-contagious Nail Dise