NRAEMT Exam with Complete Solutions

Quality Improvement - ANSWER-requires that an organization or system continually evaluates processes and outcomes and takes measures to improve the quality of care continuous quality improvement - ANSWER-emphasizes the organization and systems and processes within that organization rather than emphasizing individuals evidence-based decision-making - ANSWER-best practices based on best evidence implied consent - ANSWER-care is provided in an emergent situation in which the patient is unavle to give consent conditions for consent - ANSWER--18 years or older -mentally competent -court-emancipated minor -military service -marriage informed consent - ANSWER-a thorough explanation of all procedures and treatment and the associated risks Negligence - ANSWER-indicates that proper care has not been provided, based on established standards four necessary elements of negligence - ANSWER-duty of care, breach of duty, damages, causation abandonment - ANSWER-occurs if the AEMT withdraws from providing care contrary to a patient's desire or knowledge and fails to arrange for appropriate care by others, resulting in harm to the patient cardiac output - ANSWER-the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart in one minute (stroke volume x heart rate) stroke volume - ANSWER-The volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction. preload - ANSWER-stretch/tension of muscle fibers, usually corresponding to the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricles are filled afterload - ANSWER-the amount of pressure that the ventricles must work against when ejecting blood during systole, representing the systemic vascular resistance myocardial contractility - ANSWER-the amount of stretch in the myocardial muscle fibers, which determines the forcefulness of the contractions parenteral - ANSWER-injected enteral - ANSWER-ingested D tank oxygen cylinder - ANSWER-350 L E tank oxygen cylinder - ANSWER-625 L pulse oximetry measures - ANSWER-arterial oxygen saturation fraction of inspired air nasal cannula - ANSWER-24%-40% fraction of inspired air NRB - ANSWER-60%-80% PAP is indicated for - ANSWER-pulmonary edema, CHF, COPD, asthma, and near drowning central nervous system - ANSWER-brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system - ANSWER-sensory neurons, ganglia, and nerves connecting to the CNS autonomic nervous system - ANSWER-body's organs and maintains homeostasis. controls heart rate and function, respiration, digestion, sexual arousal, and other systems somatic nervous system - ANSWER-comprises cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the skeletal muscles and skin. It is voluntarily controlled and receives and responds to external sensory stimuli from the skin and sensory organs. ischemic stroke - ANSWER-caused by blockage of an artery supplying the brain, usually from a thrombus or embolus. hemorrhagic stroke - ANSWER-result from a ruptured cerebral artery, causing not only a lack of oxygen and nutrients but also edema that causes widespread pressure and damage signs and symptoms of stroke - ANSWER-weakness, paralysis, and loss of sensation in one or more extremities; difficulty speaking; vision impairment; difficulty swallowing; headache; altered LOC; coma. tonic-clonic seizure - ANSWER-tonic period: eyes roll upward with loss of consciousness, the arms flex, and the body stiffens in symmetric contractions with cyanosis and salivating clonic period: violent rhythmic jerking with contraction and relaxation types of partial seizures - ANSWER-simple, aversive, sylvan, special sensory, complex upper GI bleed - ANSWER-nausea and hematemesis; abdominal pain on palpation; melena (black colored stool); lower GI bleed - ANSWER-abdomen may be distended and tender; weakness and abdominal discomfort; hematochezia (wine colored stool) ulcerative colitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers; abdominal pain (usually absent or mild), bloody diarrhea, rectal bleeding, fecal urgency, and tenesmus Crohn's disease - ANSWER-chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract; may mimic appendicitis; watery diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain (usually in the right lower quadrant), nausea, vomiting, fever, and night sweats peritonitis - ANSWER-bacterial infection of the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity); at risk pt's: kidney failure, liver disease, or infection. Other causes: abdominal wound, ruptured appendix, perforated colon, diverticulitis, abdominal surgery. peritonitis symptoms - ANSWER-abdominal pain and distension, rigid abdomen, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever, chills, decreased urine output, excessive thirst, and tachycardia hepatitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the liver caused by bacteria, viruses, or exposure to toxic chemicals including alcohol or drugs symptoms of hepatitis - ANSWER-jaundice, clay-colored stool, dark urine, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, itching, and increased risk of bleeding fulminant hepatitis - ANSWER-acute inflammation of the liver that may be caused by viruses, toxic substances, or overdose with acetaminophen. Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER-autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas results in no or deficient insulin production type 2 diabetes - ANSWER-insulin baseline may be normal or deficient, but there is no or an inadequate increase in response to a meal, so the glucose level rises but there is decreased uptake by the tissues diabetic ketoacidosis - ANSWER-Too many ketones and not enough insulin. The body starts to break down fat. Leads to metabolic acidosis. Hypergylcemic-Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS) - ANSWER-glucose is available for cellular metabolism, although all the glucose present in the blood cannot be used. High blood glucose levels lead to loss of glucose and water through the kidneys, resulting in dehydration and thirst somatic pain - ANSWER-can be located by the patient, or pinpoint in nature. patients usually describe the pain as sharp parity - ANSWER-number of deliveries gravidity - ANSWER-number of pregnancies Erythrocytes - ANSWER-red blood cells carry hemoglobin, which transports oxygen leukocytes - ANSWER-white blood cells defend the body against invading organisms thrmobocytes - ANSWER-platelets release clotting factors and have an active role in forming blood clots plasma - ANSWER-plasma carries water, proteins, electrolytes, lipids, blood cells, and glucose as well as clotting factors atherosclerosis - ANSWER-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries cardiogenic shock indications - ANSWER-hypotension, tachycardia with weak, thready pulse, dysrhythmias, decreased heart sounds, chest pain, tachypnea, pallor, cool, moist skin symptoms of hypertensive crisis - ANSWER-headache, dizziness, dyspnea, weakness, visual disturbances, anxiety, chest pain, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, and stroke angina pectoris (stable) - ANSWER-impairment of blood flow through the coronary arteries leads to ischemia of the cardiac muscle; stable angina usually last for 5 minutes by decreasing activity level and administering sublingual nitroglycerin angina pectoris (unstable) - ANSWER-progression of coronary artery disease; pain may increase, not respond to a single nitroglycerin dose, and may occur at rest when sitting or lying down causes of myocardial infarction - ANSWER-unstable angina, vasoconstriction, acute blood loss, decreased oxygen, ingestion of cocaine myocardial infarction symptoms - ANSWER-crushing pain, angina (often more than 30 minutes and unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin), hypertension or hypotension, pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, weak/absent peripheral pulses, nausea and vomiting, cold and clammy skin left sided heart failure causes - ANSWER-pulmonary edema right sided heart failure - ANSWER-peripheral edema pulmonary embolism signs and symptoms - ANSWER-acute onset of dyspnea, tachycardia, frothy sputum, cough, fever, hemoptysis, and JVD cardiac tamponade signs and symptoms - ANSWER-Beck's triad: hypotension, JVD, and muffled heart sounds Dysmenorrhea - ANSWER-painful menstruation epiglottitis s/s - ANSWER-tripod, agitation, drooling, cyanosis, inflamed throat, fever cor pulmonale - ANSWER-right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease cardiogenic pulmonary edema - ANSWER-congestion of pulmonary capillaries from left-sided heart failure forces fluid across the respiratory membrane and into the alveoli where it mixes with air noncardiogenic pulmonary edema - ANSWER-damage to the capillaries in the lungs causes them to leak fluid into the alveoli. caused by ARDS, adverse drug reactions, pulmonary embolism pulmonary edema s/s - ANSWER-pink frothy sputum, decreased SpO2, hypertension or hypotension, peripheral edema, crackles pulmonary embolism s/s - ANSWER-SOB, recent surgery, recent flying, hypotension, diaphoresis, chest pain, hemoptysis renal calculi and urinary calculi s/s - ANSWER-severe flank pain radiating to abdomen, nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis, hematuria Renal failure s/s - ANSWER-hypertension, hypotension, ascites, crackles, anemia, impaired blood clotting, jaundice, headache, weakness, AMS, loss of appetite, ascites - ANSWER-fluid in the abdomen appendicitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the appendix