Cardiac Dysrhythmias questions and answers 2023 updated

Cardiac Dysrhythmias questions and answers 2023 updatedDescribe cardiac dysrhythmia. What is another word for this? any cardiac rhythm that deviates from normal sinus rhythm. Also called arrhythmia Normal Sinus rhythm originates from where? (THINK HEARTS PACEMAKER) SA node Describe Normal Sinus Rhythm Rate: 60-100 bpm P waves: precede QRS P-R interval: between atrial and ventricular repolarization QRS: ventricular depolarization T wave: Ventricular repolarization Rhythm: Regular Think - normal EKG, normal heart rate, etc Sinus Bradycardia slow rhythm - originating in the SA node 1. pulse less than 60 bpm *Can be life threatening if cause is not found Sinus Tachycardia rapid, regular rhythm originating in the SA node 1. heartbeat 100-150 bpm or more *Considered a normal rhythm and usually not caused by cardiac problem bradycardia can be caused by what? 1. obstructive sleep apnea 2. vomiting 3. intracranial tumors 4. MI 5. medications 6. carotid sinus massage 7. vagal stimulation 8. endocrine disturbances 9. increased intracranial pressure 10. hypothermia When do you typically see clinical manifestations with patients with bradycardia? What are some of these manifestations? when heart rate falls below 50. fatigue, lightheadedness, syncope A patient's sinus bradycardia was found to be caused by SA node dysfunction? How will this patient typically be treated? Artificial pacemaker Management for bradycardia is determined by the cause. For example: If it is caused by: 1. vagal stimulation (bearing down toilet/straining)(vomiting) = administer stool softener or antiemetics 2. Drug related? = blood drawn, drug withheld Altropine (Atreza) does what? increases heart rate Ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs when 3 or more PVCs occur. Can be deadly, heart rate greater than 100 bpm (140-240 bpm) What do procainamide and aminodarone do? depress cardiac muscle and slow conduction in the atria, bundle of His, ventricles If pharmacologic interventions are unsuccessful in treating VT, what is another treatment option? cardioversion Repeated and prolonged episodes of VT after MI may be a warning of what? What does this condition require? ventricular fibrillation. Requires aggressive evaluation and treatment Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) also called extra systole. - abnormal heartbeats that arise from R/L ventricles. Clinical Manifestation PVCs *depend on frequency of PVCs *some pt. asymptomatic and others - *palpations, weakness, lightheadedness, decreased cardiac output Medical Management for PVCs *focus on treating the underlying heart condition symptomatic PVC treated with: - beta-adrenergic blockers (carvedilol), - antiangials - propranolo - antidysthrymics (procainamde, amiodarone, or lidocaine) PVC can be single event or happen several times. PVCs that last long enough can result in what? death Ventricular Fibrillation !! Medical Emergency !! occurs when ventricles of the heart are quivering. Rapid and disorganized ventricle pulsation Cause of Ventricle Fibrillation myocardial ischemia or infarction untreated VT electrolyte imbalances digitalis or quinidine toxicity hypothermia Clinical Manifestation Ventricle Fibrillation no cardiac output loss of consciousness lack of pulse decrease BP & respirations possible seizures death if untreated Medical Management Ventricle Fibrillation CPR Defibrillation * most effective performed 15-20 seconds of onset to avoid brain damage medications like: lidocaine or procainamide Assessment Cardiac Dysrhythmia S/S Palpitations, skipped beats, nausea, lightheadedness, fatigue, anxiety, vertigo, dyspnea, chest discomfort, ECG monitor indicates dysrhythmia, syncope, irregular pulse, tachycardia, tachypnea,