Physiology 261 Final Study Guide complete and rated 5 stars

Physiology 261 Final Study Guide complete and rated 5 stars Physiology - the study of the normal functioning of a living organism. Homeostasis - Regulation of the body's internal environment & quickly restores changed condition to normal. Placebo - Drug that has no pharmacological effect Cations - A positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons Anion - negatively charged with more electrons than protons Isotopes - atoms of one element that have different number of neurons in their nuclei Active cellular transport - movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration -against concentration gradient. (requires cellular energy to achieve this movement) primary (Direct) active transport - energy comes directly from ATP Secondary (Indirect) active transport - use potential energy stored in a concentration gradient and is indirectly driven by energy from ATP Refractory period - Brief period during which a second action potential cannot be triggered relative refractory period - higher than normal graded potential is required to trigger an action potential Isotonic muscle contraction - creates force & moves a load isometric muscle contraction - creates force without moving a load Intercalated disc - Specialized cell junctions within the cardiac muscle myocardial cells linked to one another that contain gap junction that allow depolarization to spread rapidly from cell t