8B
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 1
Lymphatic system......................................................................................................................................... 2
Spleen...................................................................................................................................................................2
Thymus gland.......................................................................................................................................................2
Tonsils..................................................................................................................................................................3
Lymph glands.......................................................................................................................................................3
Lymph vessels......................................................................................................................................................4
Axillary lymph node.............................................................................................................................................4
Abdominal lymph node........................................................................................................................................4
Ilingual lymph node.............................................................................................................................................5
Popliteal lymph node...........................................................................................................................................5
Supratrochlear lymph node.................................................................................................................................5
Presence of valves................................................................................................................................................5
Lymphocytes and lymph............................................................................................................................... 6
Formation............................................................................................................................................................6
Transportation.....................................................................................................................................................6
Interstitial fluid removal................................................................................................................................ 7
Maintaining hydrostatic pressure.................................................................................................................. 7
Absorption of fats from the digestive system................................................................................................ 7
Lymphadenitis.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Lymphoedema............................................................................................................................................ 10
Hodgkin’s lymphoma.................................................................................................................................. 12
Case study – lymphoedema......................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................. 15
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................... 16
Introduction
The lymphatic system, its structure, and components will be the subject of this
report. I'll discuss why the lymphatic system is important to the body and how it
benefits the body. By eliminating all fluids that leak out of blood arteries, the
1
,lymphatic system keeps fluid levels in bodily tissues stable. The lymphatic
system is crucial for the proper operation of both general and specialised
immune responses. Aside from the lymphatic system's functions, I'll also look at
any disorders that may arise in the body and the most effective ways to treat
them.
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a series of low-pressure channels that allows interstitial
fluid to return to the blood arteries. Throughout the body, there is a system of
lymph channels. It assists in the return of fluids to the circulatory system while
also performing vital immunological functions. Nearly 20 litres of blood plasma
are filtered through capillaries every day to cleanse the body's cells and deliver
nutrition. A considerable amount of the tissue fluid passes through the veins and
returns to the heart. Nearly 20% of the fluid that exits from capillaries and cells
is processed by the lymphatic system. Open-ended vessels, lymph nodes, and
organs like the tonsils, spleen, and thymus are all part of the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic circulation is not a closed system like blood circulation. It causes
lymph to flow in only one direction, towards the heart. At the subclavian veins,
near the neck, lymph re-enters the circulatory system.
Spleen
The spleen is a small organ that is usually found behind the ribcage and stomach
on the left side of the body (as seen in figure 1). It is the body's lymphatic
system's largest organ. The spleen helps the body by producing antibodies,
eliminating pathogens, removing old red blood cells, breaking down red blood
cell waste products, recycling iron for use in new red blood cells, and storing a
reserve of red blood cells and immune cells that the
body can employ in an emergency. In a tissue termed
white pulp, the spleen produces antibodies. The red
pulp tissue of the spleen contains a store of immune
cells that fight infection and aid tissue healing, and the
spleen can release these cells as needed. The
diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the spleen can
be separated. The portion of the spleen that faces the
diaphragm is known as the diaphragmatic surface. The
diaphragm is pressed against by an upward-facing
surface that folds outward. Between the spleen and the
lung sits the diaphragm. The spleen's visceral
surface is inward. The renal region and the https://bit.ly/3xA41FB
stomach region are separated by a ridge. The
spleen's anterior, or front, surface is the gastric,
or stomach, region. It has a forward-facing, inward-curving appearance. The
renal (kidney) area is positioned downward and inward toward the centre of the
body. It brushes up against the front of the left kidney and the left adrenal gland
on occasions.
Thymus gland
The thymus gland is a secretory gland that helps the immune system work
properly. The thymus is a delicate organ that sits between the lungs and behind
the breastbone (figure 2). The thymus is a two-lobed structure that is almost on
top of the heart and tracks up along the trachea in relation to the organs in the
human body. The thymus gland comprises two lobes that are wrapped in a
fibrous covering and is about triangular in shape. The thymus gland's primary
purpose is to produce thymosin, a hormone that promotes T cell development.
2
https://bit.ly/3MalWPQ
, White blood cells or lymphocytes will
come into contact with the thymus gland
during childhood. They will become T
cells as a result of this interaction. T cells
will travel to the lymph nodes, which are
the body's stores of immune cells once
they have matured. The thymus gland
can be thought of as a receiver of
immature T cells that have been
produced in the bone marrow but have
not yet fully matured. The thymus will be
conditioned to only attack foreign agents after it receives the cells. Positive
selection is the mechanism by which this occurs. Only T cells that have
responded appropriately to foreign antigens will be chosen to survive and move
to the medulla. The surviving T cells will develop once they reach the medulla.
The surviving T cells will kill pathogens, activate helper B cells that produce
antibodies against specific antigens, and store memories of previous infections
and viruses so that the body will be better prepared to fight them if they return.
Tonsils
Tonsils are a small mass of lymphatic tissue near the back
of the throat's pharyngeal wall. In humans, the term
applies to either of three sets of tonsils, the most common
of which are the palatine tonsils. A pair of oval-shaped
masses arise from behind the mouth cavity from each
side of the oral pharynx. Numerous pits can be found on
the exposed surface of each tonsil, which lead to deeper
lymphatic tissue. The palatine
tonsils are thought to aid in the Figure 3 is showing
prevention of infection in the
us the location of
respiratory and digestive systems
by creating antibodies that aid in
the tonsils in the https://bit.ly/3EmHKJT
the killing of infective organisms. throat.
Lymph glands
The lymphatic system is comprised of little bean-shaped structures called lymph
nodes. Lymph nodes can be as little as a few millimetres in diameter or as large
as two centimetres. Hundreds can be found all over the body, however they are
mostly concentrated in certain areas. Filtering and
identifying foreign substances that cause infections is
one of lymph nodes' many tasks. Lymph nodes are
made up of two types of white blood cells that help to
do this. B lymphocytes are the first to create
antibodies, which aid in the battle against bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and other infectious agents. The
adaptive immune response is triggered by T cells,
which are the second kind. The body will respond with
inflammation when a foreign agent has been captured
and the immune defences have been triggered. The
lymph nodes swell because of this. Lymph nodes can
https://bit.ly/3JVRhZv
3
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 1
Lymphatic system......................................................................................................................................... 2
Spleen...................................................................................................................................................................2
Thymus gland.......................................................................................................................................................2
Tonsils..................................................................................................................................................................3
Lymph glands.......................................................................................................................................................3
Lymph vessels......................................................................................................................................................4
Axillary lymph node.............................................................................................................................................4
Abdominal lymph node........................................................................................................................................4
Ilingual lymph node.............................................................................................................................................5
Popliteal lymph node...........................................................................................................................................5
Supratrochlear lymph node.................................................................................................................................5
Presence of valves................................................................................................................................................5
Lymphocytes and lymph............................................................................................................................... 6
Formation............................................................................................................................................................6
Transportation.....................................................................................................................................................6
Interstitial fluid removal................................................................................................................................ 7
Maintaining hydrostatic pressure.................................................................................................................. 7
Absorption of fats from the digestive system................................................................................................ 7
Lymphadenitis.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Lymphoedema............................................................................................................................................ 10
Hodgkin’s lymphoma.................................................................................................................................. 12
Case study – lymphoedema......................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................. 15
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................... 16
Introduction
The lymphatic system, its structure, and components will be the subject of this
report. I'll discuss why the lymphatic system is important to the body and how it
benefits the body. By eliminating all fluids that leak out of blood arteries, the
1
,lymphatic system keeps fluid levels in bodily tissues stable. The lymphatic
system is crucial for the proper operation of both general and specialised
immune responses. Aside from the lymphatic system's functions, I'll also look at
any disorders that may arise in the body and the most effective ways to treat
them.
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a series of low-pressure channels that allows interstitial
fluid to return to the blood arteries. Throughout the body, there is a system of
lymph channels. It assists in the return of fluids to the circulatory system while
also performing vital immunological functions. Nearly 20 litres of blood plasma
are filtered through capillaries every day to cleanse the body's cells and deliver
nutrition. A considerable amount of the tissue fluid passes through the veins and
returns to the heart. Nearly 20% of the fluid that exits from capillaries and cells
is processed by the lymphatic system. Open-ended vessels, lymph nodes, and
organs like the tonsils, spleen, and thymus are all part of the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic circulation is not a closed system like blood circulation. It causes
lymph to flow in only one direction, towards the heart. At the subclavian veins,
near the neck, lymph re-enters the circulatory system.
Spleen
The spleen is a small organ that is usually found behind the ribcage and stomach
on the left side of the body (as seen in figure 1). It is the body's lymphatic
system's largest organ. The spleen helps the body by producing antibodies,
eliminating pathogens, removing old red blood cells, breaking down red blood
cell waste products, recycling iron for use in new red blood cells, and storing a
reserve of red blood cells and immune cells that the
body can employ in an emergency. In a tissue termed
white pulp, the spleen produces antibodies. The red
pulp tissue of the spleen contains a store of immune
cells that fight infection and aid tissue healing, and the
spleen can release these cells as needed. The
diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the spleen can
be separated. The portion of the spleen that faces the
diaphragm is known as the diaphragmatic surface. The
diaphragm is pressed against by an upward-facing
surface that folds outward. Between the spleen and the
lung sits the diaphragm. The spleen's visceral
surface is inward. The renal region and the https://bit.ly/3xA41FB
stomach region are separated by a ridge. The
spleen's anterior, or front, surface is the gastric,
or stomach, region. It has a forward-facing, inward-curving appearance. The
renal (kidney) area is positioned downward and inward toward the centre of the
body. It brushes up against the front of the left kidney and the left adrenal gland
on occasions.
Thymus gland
The thymus gland is a secretory gland that helps the immune system work
properly. The thymus is a delicate organ that sits between the lungs and behind
the breastbone (figure 2). The thymus is a two-lobed structure that is almost on
top of the heart and tracks up along the trachea in relation to the organs in the
human body. The thymus gland comprises two lobes that are wrapped in a
fibrous covering and is about triangular in shape. The thymus gland's primary
purpose is to produce thymosin, a hormone that promotes T cell development.
2
https://bit.ly/3MalWPQ
, White blood cells or lymphocytes will
come into contact with the thymus gland
during childhood. They will become T
cells as a result of this interaction. T cells
will travel to the lymph nodes, which are
the body's stores of immune cells once
they have matured. The thymus gland
can be thought of as a receiver of
immature T cells that have been
produced in the bone marrow but have
not yet fully matured. The thymus will be
conditioned to only attack foreign agents after it receives the cells. Positive
selection is the mechanism by which this occurs. Only T cells that have
responded appropriately to foreign antigens will be chosen to survive and move
to the medulla. The surviving T cells will develop once they reach the medulla.
The surviving T cells will kill pathogens, activate helper B cells that produce
antibodies against specific antigens, and store memories of previous infections
and viruses so that the body will be better prepared to fight them if they return.
Tonsils
Tonsils are a small mass of lymphatic tissue near the back
of the throat's pharyngeal wall. In humans, the term
applies to either of three sets of tonsils, the most common
of which are the palatine tonsils. A pair of oval-shaped
masses arise from behind the mouth cavity from each
side of the oral pharynx. Numerous pits can be found on
the exposed surface of each tonsil, which lead to deeper
lymphatic tissue. The palatine
tonsils are thought to aid in the Figure 3 is showing
prevention of infection in the
us the location of
respiratory and digestive systems
by creating antibodies that aid in
the tonsils in the https://bit.ly/3EmHKJT
the killing of infective organisms. throat.
Lymph glands
The lymphatic system is comprised of little bean-shaped structures called lymph
nodes. Lymph nodes can be as little as a few millimetres in diameter or as large
as two centimetres. Hundreds can be found all over the body, however they are
mostly concentrated in certain areas. Filtering and
identifying foreign substances that cause infections is
one of lymph nodes' many tasks. Lymph nodes are
made up of two types of white blood cells that help to
do this. B lymphocytes are the first to create
antibodies, which aid in the battle against bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and other infectious agents. The
adaptive immune response is triggered by T cells,
which are the second kind. The body will respond with
inflammation when a foreign agent has been captured
and the immune defences have been triggered. The
lymph nodes swell because of this. Lymph nodes can
https://bit.ly/3JVRhZv
3
