RADIATION PROTECTION IN MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY 7TH EDITION TESTBANK

Chapter 01: Introduction to Radiation Protection Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Some consequences of ionization in human cells include: 1. creation of unstable atoms. 2. production of free electrons. 3. creation of reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 2 2. Which of the following is a special form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of the material with which it interacts? a. Ionizing radiation b. Nonionizing radiation c. Subatomic radiation d. Ultrasonic radiation ANS: A REF: 2 3. Patients who have an understanding of the medical benefits of an imaging procedure because they received factual information about the study before having the examination are more likely to: a. assume a small risk of biologic damage but not overcome any radiation phobia they may have. b. cancel their scheduled procedure because they are not willing to assume a small risk of biologic damage. c. overcome any radiation phobia but not assume a small risk of possible biologic damage. d. overcome any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small risk of possible biologic damage. ANS: D REF: 8 4. The millisievert (mSv) is equal to: a. 1/10 of a sievert. b. 1/100 of a sievert. c. 1/1000 of a sievert. d. 1/10,000 of a sievert. ANS: C REF: 9 5. The advantages of the BERT method are: 1. it does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison. 2. it emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment. 3. the answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the patient to comprehend. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 9 6. If a patient asks a radiographer a question about the potential risk of radiation exposure associated with a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer should: a. use his or her intelligence and knowledge to answer the question honestly and provide a suitable example that compares the amount of radiation received from the procedure in question with natural background radiation received over a given period of time. b. avoid the patient’s question by changing the subject. c. tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns. d. refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with the referring physician. ANS: A REF: 9 7. Which of the following is the intention behind the ALARA concept? a. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at the highest possible level b. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at an average level c. To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose at the lowest possible level d. To avoid the use of ionizing radiation in radiologic practice ANS: C REF: 5 8. The basic principles of radiation protection include which of the following? 1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 5 9. In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program? a. Assistant administrator of the facility b. Chief of staff c. Radiation Safety Officer d. Student radiologic technologist ANS: C REF: 8 10. Why is a question about the amount of radiation a patient will receive during a specific x-ray procedure difficult to answer? 1. Because the received dose is measured in a number of different units 2. Because scientific units for radiation dose are not comprehensible by the patient 3. Because the patient should not receive any information about radiation dose a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: A REF: 9 11. X-rays are a form of which of the following kinds of radiation? a. Environmental b. Ionizing c. Internal d. Nonionizing ANS: B REF: 2 12. The radiographer must answer patient questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure: a. abruptly to discourage the patient from asking any other questions. b. evasively so as not to reveal any information about radiation risk. c. honestly and in understandable terms. d. with technical terms. ANS: C REF: 9 13. Radiation phobia can be greatly reduced by explaining the diagnostic radiation dose to the patient by using the: a. ALARA method. b. BERT method. c. ORP method. d. TRACE method. ANS: B REF: 10 14. Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified? a. ALARA program b. BERT method c. Efficacy d. TRACE program ANS: C REF: 4 15. Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public? a. ALARA b. BERT c. ORP d. Standardized dose reporting ANS: B REF: 10 16. Some ways of providing education for non-radiologist physicians who perform fluoroscopic procedures can include: 1. creating increased awareness of radiation dose for specific procedures through discussion. 2. establishing goals for lowering radiation dose for patients, assisting personnel, and themselves. 3. radiographers helping physicians performing fluoroscopic procedures by informing them that they have reached a specific dose, thereby giving fluoroscopists the opportunity to decide to continue or stop a procedure. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 11 17. Some ways of providing education for imaging department staff are: 1. providing in-service education on various radiation safety topics to accommodate individual needs of staff members. 2. handing out a facts-to-remember sheet at the end of an in-service program. 3. e-mailing the most important topics covered in a staff in-service program to imaging staff members to help reinforce and retain vital information. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 11 18. The TRACE program creates: a. an analysis of radiation dose. b. greater awareness of radiation dose. c. a system of radiation dose reporting. d. a means for determining radiation dose in fluoroscopic procedures. ANS: B REF: 11 19. Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is: a. greater than the risk involved. b. equal to the risk involved. c. less than the risk involved. d. typically, people are not willing to accept risk no matter how great the benefit may be. ANS: A REF: 8 20. Which of the following statements below is true? a. It appears that no safe dose level exists for radiation-induced malignant disease. b. The ALARA method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. c. The BERT method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. d. The TRACE method establishes a dose level for radiation-induced malignancy. ANS: A REF: 5 21. The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many: a. accrediting bodies. b. advisory groups. c. radiation standards organizations. d. regulatory agencies. ANS: D REF: 5 22. The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term: a. background equivalent radiation time (BERT). b. equivalent dose (EqD). c. diagnostic efficacy. d. optimization for radiation protection (ORP). ANS: D REF: 5 23. Diagnostic efficacy includes: 1. imaging procedure or practice justified by the referring physician. 2. minimal radiation exposure used. 3. optimal image(s) produced. 4. presence or absence of disease revealed. a. 1, 2, and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 4 only c. 2, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4 ANS: D REF: 5 24. The TRACE program consists of: 1. rewriting regulatory standards. 2. formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implementation of patient and community awareness. 3. technologic enhancements. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: C REF: 10 25. Effective protective measures take into consideration: 1. both human and environmental physical determinants. 2. technical elements. 3. procedural factors. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 3 Chapter 02: Radiation: Types, Sources, and Doses Received Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When natural sources of ionizing radiation become increased because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining, they are referred to as: a. artificial sources. b. enhanced natural sources. c. extraterrestrial sources. d. manmade sources. ANS: B REF: 21 2. Electromagnetic radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can also interact with matter as a particle of energy. This dual nature is referred to as: a. wave attenuation capability. b. wave-particle interchange ability. c. wave-particle duality. d. wave-particle phenomena. ANS: C REF: 16 3. Which of the following statements concerning the 1979 nuclear reactor accident at TMI-2 is not true? a. Excess cancer deaths have been predicted to occur in the 2 million people living within 50 miles of the plant at the time of the accident. b. Excess cancer deaths have not been predicted to occur in the 2 million people living within 50 miles of the plant at the time of the accident. c. The equivalent dose (EqD) received by 2 million people living in the vicinity of the nuclear reactor at the time of the accident was 0.02 mSv. d. No melt-through of the reactor vessel occurred during the accident. ANS: A REF: 28 4. Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources? a. Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium- 232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth b. Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground c. The sun and other stars d. Video display terminals and television receivers ANS: A REF: 21 5. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon levels in homes should not exceed what level? a. 200 pCi/L b. 135 pCi/L c. 47 pCi/L d. 4 pCi/L ANS: D REF: 23 6. Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms? a. Solar and manmade b. Artificial and galactic c. Natural background and artificial d. Solar and galactic ANS: D REF: 21 7. The FDA presently considers the risk of radiation exposure to the U.S. population from color television monitors to be: a. substantial. b. moderate. c. very slight. d. negligible. ANS: D REF: 25 8. Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses? 1. Crawl spaces under living areas 2. Floor drains and sump pumps 3. Porous cement block foundations a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 22 9. Acute melting of the uranium dioxide fuel of a nuclear reactor core requires how great a temperature? a. Less than 500° F b. At least 1000° F c. 2000° F d. Greater than 5000° F ANS: D REF: 27 10. When exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer? a. Infants b. Toddlers c. Nonsmokers d. Smokers ANS: D REF: 23 11. Which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays? a. Clouds b. Fog c. Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field d. Smog ANS: C REF: 24 12. Which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States? a. Annual PA and lateral chest radiographs b. Cosmic ray exposure c. Radon exposure d. A fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract ANS: C REF: 23 13. Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation? 1. Microwaves 2. Visible light 3. X-rays a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 17 14. The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of: a. electromagnetic radiation. b. nuclear power. c. radioactive decay. d. radiation dose. ANS: D REF: 17 15. In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with: a. longer wavelengths and lower energies. b. longer wavelengths and higher energies. c. shorter wavelengths and lower energies. d. shorter wavelengths and higher energies. ANS: D REF: 16 16. Both occupational and nonoccupational dose limits may be stated in: 1. coulombs per kilogram. 2. grays. 3. Sieverts. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: C REF: 19 17. A flight on a typical commercial airliner results in an equivalent dose rate of: a. 0.001 to 0.005 mSv/hr. b. 0.005 to 0.01 mSv/hr. c. 0.02 to 0.04 mSv/hr. d. 0.05 to 0.09 mSv/hr. ANS: B REF: 26 18. The first decay product of radium is: a. cesium. b. radon. c. strontium. d. x-ray. ANS: B REF: 22 19. As of 2006, when spread over the inhabitants of the United States, fallout from nuclear weapons tests and other environmental sources along with other human-made radiations contributed: a. only a small portion of 0.1 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person. b. a dose of approximately 1.5 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person. c. a dose of approximately 3.2 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person. d. a dose of approximately 6.3 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person. ANS: A REF: 26 20. What was the total average annual effective dose from natural background and human-made radiations combined as of 2006? a. 2.0 mSv b. 3.2 mSv c. 6.3 mSv d. 9.6 mSv ANS: C REF: 33 21. The mass of an alpha particle is approximately: a. two times the mass of a hydrogen atom. b. four times the mass of a hydrogen atom. c. six times the mass of a hydrogen atom. d. eight times the mass of a hydrogen atom. ANS: B REF: 18 22. What is the half-life of radon-220? a. 54.5 seconds b. 8 days c. 2 years d. 1622 years ANS: A REF: 21 23. Which of the following sources of radiation is human-made? 1. Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing 2. Cosmic radiation from the sun and beyond the solar system 3. Nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of natural disasters a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: B REF: 24 24. What is the latent period for most radiation-induced cancers? a. 1 year b. 5 years c. 7 years d. 15 years or more ANS: D REF: 28 25. Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year? a. Human-made b. Natural ANS: B REF: 33 Chapter 03: Interaction of X-Radiation with Matter Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have no mass or electric charge are: a. ions. b. negatrons. c. positrons. d. x-ray photons. ANS: D REF: 41 2. Coherent scattering is most likely to occur even though some of this scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and may result in small amounts of radiographic fog. a. below 10 keV b. between 30 keV and 60 keV c. between 60 keV and 90 keV d. above 100 keV ANS: A REF: 47 3. Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter? a. Compton scattering b. Bremsstrahlung c. Pair production d. Photoelectric absorption ANS: B REF: 46 4. The symbol Z indicates: a. atomic number of an atom. b. atomic weight of an atom. c. fluorescent yield. d. the number of vacancies in an atomic shell. ANS: A REF: 50 5. In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy: a. less than the energy that binds the atom together. b. 10 times as great as the energy that binds the atom together. c. as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electron in its orbit. d. equal to or greater than 1.022 MeV, regardless of the energy that binds the electron in its orbit. ANS: C REF: 48 6. Which of the following interactions between photons and matter involves a matter–antimatter annihilation reaction? a. Compton scattering b. Coherent scattering c. Pair production d. Photoelectric absorption ANS: C REF: 57 7. The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms . a. increases markedly, decreases b. decreases markedly, increases c. increases markedly, increases d. stays the same, increases ANS: C REF: 50 8. Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron drops down from an outer orbit to fill a vacancy in an inner orbit of the parent atom? a. Characteristic radiation b. Bremsstrahlung c. Photoelectric radiation d. Primary radiation ANS: A REF: 49 9. Fluorescent radiation is also known as: a. characteristic radiation. b. coherent scattering. c. Compton scattering. d. unmodified scattering. ANS: A REF: 49 10. What is the effective atomic number of compact bone? a. 5.9 b. 7.4 c. 7.6 d. 13.8 ANS: D REF: 50 11. Which of the following is not another term for coherent scattering? a. Characteristic b. Classical c. Elastic d. Unmodified ANS: A REF: 46 12. Which of the following are by-products of photoelectric absorption? a. Photoelectron and Compton scattered electron b. Low-energy scattered x-ray photon and characteristic photon c. Low-energy scattered x-ray photon and Compton scattered electron d. Photoelectron and characteristic photon ANS: D REF: 50 13. Which two interactions between x-radiation and matter may result in the production of small- angle scatter? a. Photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering b. Coherent scattering and Compton scattering c. Photoelectric absorption and pair production d. Coherent scattering and pair production ANS: B REF: 54 14. Which of the following particles is considered to be a form of antimatter? a. Electron b. Positron c. X-ray photon d. Scattered x-ray photon ANS: B REF: 57 15. Which of the following interactions results in the conversion of matter into energy? a. Classical scattering b. Photoelectric absorption c. Modified scattering d. Annihilation reaction ANS: D REF: 57 16. Compton scattering is synonymous with: a. coherent scattering. b. incoherent scattering. c. photoelectric absorption. d. photodisintegration. ANS: B REF: 54 17. During the process of coherent scattering, the incident x-ray photon interacts with: a. a single inner shell electron, ejecting it from its orbit. b. a single outer shell electron, ejecting it from its orbit. c. an atom transferring its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to vibrate momentarily and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. d. a scattered photon of lesser energy, annihilating it. ANS: C REF: 47 18. What is the term for the number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy during the process of photoelectric absorption? a. Characteristic absorption b. Classical gain c. Fluorescent yield d. Modified pair production ANS: C REF: 49 19. Which of the following results in all-directional scatter? a. Classical interaction b. Coherent interaction c. Photoelectric interaction d. Compton interaction ANS: D REF: 56 20. Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities? a. Computed tomography (CT) b. Digital mammography c. Positron emission tomography (PET) d. Computed radiography (CR) ANS: C REF: 57 21. The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is: a. 0.511 keV. b. 1.022 keV. c. 0.511 MeV. d. 1.022 MeV. ANS: D REF: 57 22. Differences in density level between radiographic images of adjacent structures as seen in a completed radiograph define: a. image attenuation. b. radiographic contrast. c. radiographic density. d. photodisintegration. ANS: B REF: 53 23. Radiographic density is: a. caused by photodisintegration. b. defined as the degree of overall blackening on a completed radiograph. c. not affected by milliampere-seconds (mAs). d. not relevant in the production of a diagnostic radiograph. ANS: B REF: 52 24. When a vacancy exists in an inner electron shell of an atom (as a result of photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, or bombardment by other electrons), the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled, instead of emerging from the atom as fluorescent radiation, can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting the electron. Such an emitted electron is called a(n): a. Auger electron. b. Compton electron. c. Edison electron. d. Sievert electron. ANS: A REF: 49 25. X-rays are carriers of: a. disease. b. electrons. c. fluorescent properties that make them visible. d. human-made, electromagnetic energy. ANS: D REF: 40 Chapter 04: Radiation Quantities and Units Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Who was the first American radiation worker to die from radiation-induced cancer in October of 1904? a. Thomas A. Edison b. Wilhelm C. Roentgen c. Clarence Madison Dally d. Marie Curie ANS: C REF: 63 2. Which of the following effects must be measured to determine the total amount of radiation exposure in a specific volume of dry air under standard conditions of pressure and temperature (760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere at sea level and 22° C)? a. Biologic damage b. Cellular activity c. Energy absorption d. Quantity of ionization ANS: D REF: 70 3. In the diagnostic radiology energy range from 23 to 150 kVp (which includes mammography), which of the following tissues possesses the greatest ability to absorb radiant energy through the process of photoelectric absorption? a. Air b. Bone c. Fat d. Muscle ANS: B REF: 73 4. If a patient receiving x-ray therapy treatment receives a total dosage of 6000 rads, the dosage may be recorded as if the SI system is used. a. 12,000 Gy b. 6000 cGy c. 600 mGy d. 60 coulomb per kilogram ANS: B REF: 74 5. Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient’s body surface? a. Absorbed dose b. Dose area product c. Effective dose d. Equivalent dose ANS: B REF: 72 6. One thousand five hundred rem equals Sieverts. a. 15 b. 150 c. 1500 d. 15,000 ANS: A REF: 68 7. As the intensity of x-ray exposure of the air volume increases, the number of electron–ion pairs produced: a. also increases. b. decreases considerably. c. decreases slightly. d. remains the same. ANS: A REF: 70 8. Which of the following rem values equals 4000 mSv? a. 4 rem b. 40 rem c. 400 rem d. 4000 rem ANS: C REF: 68 9. 1 gray equals: a. 10 J/kg. b. 100 J/kg. c. 100 cGy. d. 1000 cGy. ANS: C REF: 74 10. In the SI system, an energy absorption of 1 joule (J) per kilogram of matter in the irradiated object equals which of the following? a. 10 Sv b. 5 C/kg c. 1 mSv d. 1 Gy ANS: D REF: 73 11. Which of the following rem values equals 35 mSv? a. 0.35 rem b. 3.5 rem c. 35 rem d. 350 rem ANS: B REF: 77, 79 12. Which of the following are types of ionizing radiation that produce virtually the same biologic effect for equal absorbed doses in body tissue? a. X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays b. Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays c. X-rays, neutrons, and gamma rays d. X-rays, alpha particles, and fast neutrons ANS: A REF: 75 13. Which of the following statements is correct? a. 1 C/kg of dry air = 1 gray 2.58 x 10-4 b. 1 C/kg of dry air = 1 roentgen 2.58 x 10-4 c. 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg of dry air = 10 Sievert d. 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg of dry air = 50 roentgen ANS: B REF: 72 14. If 400 people receive an average effective dose of 0.25 Sv, what is the collective effective dose? a. 100 person-Sieverts b. 200 person-Sieverts c. 800 person-Sieverts d. 1600 person-Sieverts ANS: A REF: 78-79 15. For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts (MeV), which of the following quantities may be defined as the measure of the total electrical charge of one sign, either all pluses or all minuses, per unit mass that these two kinds of radiation generate in air only? a. Absorbed dose b. Equivalent dose c. Exposure d. Collective effective dose ANS: C REF: 70 16. Of the following hereditary effects, which are considered to be late stochastic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation? 1. Decreased birth weight 2. Increased stillbirths 3. Infant and childhood mortality a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 ANS: D REF: 66 17. Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to: a. 1. b. 5. c. 10. d. 20. ANS: D REF: 76 18. Which of the following units are not SI units? 1. Roentgens 2. Coulombs per kilogram, grays, Sieverts 3. Rads and rems a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 3 only ANS: D REF: 68 19. Which of the following is a unit of energy that may be defined as the work done or energy expended when a force of 1 newton (N) acts on an object along a distance of 1 meter (m)? a. Coulomb per kilogram b. Erg c. Gray d. Joule ANS: D REF: 73 20. Which of the following statements is true? a. 100 rem = 1 centisievert b. 10 rem = 1 centisievert c. 1 rem = 1 centisievert d. 0.1 rem = 1 centisievert ANS: C REF: 76-77 21. Which of the following is the SI unit of electrical current? a. Ampere b. Coulomb per kilogram c. Erg d. Sievert ANS: A REF: 71 22. Beta particles are actually: a. gamma rays. b. high-speed electrons. c. protons. d. x-rays. ANS: B REF: 75 23. Among physicians, cancer deaths attributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as: a. 1910. b. 1930. c. 1937.