Hun 1201 FINAL EXAM 2023 with 100% questions and answers

Nutrition Science that studies food and how it nourished the body and influences health Inorganic vs. Organic Organic - Vitamins Inorganic - Minerals Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamins A, D, E, K Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins C, B Energy Yielding Units: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Alcohol Carbohydrates - 4 kcal/g Lipids - 9 kcal/g Proteins - 4 kcal/g Alcohol - 7 kcal/g DRI (Dietary Reference Intakes) as set of nutritional reference values for the US and Canada that applies to healthy people RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the nutrient requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of HALF of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group UL (Tolerable Upper Level Intake) the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy individual AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) a range of intakes for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients Nutrient Density Foods that provide the highest level of nutrients for the least amount of energy (Calories) Chronic Disease Long-lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured Hunger Physiological drive for food Apetite Psychological desire to consume specific food Gastrin a hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulates the gastric juice. Stimulated by HCl Secretin hormone that slows down the production of gastric juice and helps to stimulate the release of pancreatic juice CCK (cholecystokinin) Stimulates secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes Accessory Organs of digestion Gallbladder, Pancreas, Liver Absorption process of taking these products through the intestinal wall Digestion large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules, mechanically and chemically Elimination undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body Segmentation Smooth Rhythmic contraction circular muscles Peristalsis Pushing of contents along GI tract Passive Diffusion (Type of Absorption) nutrients simply pass through the enterocytes and into the bloodstream without the use of a carrier protein Facilitated Diffusion (Type of Absorption) need a carrier protein Active Transport (Type of Absorption) need a carrier protein and energy Endocytosis (Type of Absorption) active transport by which a small amount of intestinal contents are engulfed by cell membrane into cell Monosaccharides The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called Ketosis Low- carb, high fat/protein diet leads to this disease Hyperglycemia An excess of glucose in the bloodstream Hypoglycemia Deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream Insulin Hormone that stimulates glucose transporters (carrier proteins) to help take glucose from the blood stream Glucagon Hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose to be sent to the blood stream Type I Diabetes Diabetes: Body does not produce enough insulin Type II Diabetes Diabetes: Body is unable to uptake glucose Steps of alcohol oxidation 1. Small amount oxidized in stomach 2. Gastric ADH activity reduces alcohol absorption and oxidation in liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase Breaks down some alcohol in the stomach nut the rest gets broken down in the liver Metabolic Tolerance Liver doesn't reach higher BAC (Blood Alcohol Content) Functional Tolerance Function at high BAC Saturated Fat Fat saturated with hydrogen bonds: Examples include butter, cream Unsaturated Fat, Monosaturated Fat Fats not saturated with excess hydrogen : Examples include olive oil, canola oil Trans Fat Synthetic fats with excess saturation. Abundant in cookies, cakes and other crap. Lead to increase in cardiovascular disease Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic Acid (Omega-6) Alphaolinoleic (Omega-3) Bile Produced by liver to emulsify fats. Stored in gallbladder Phospholipid A type of lipid in which a fatty acid is combined with another compound that contains phosphate. Makes up cells phospholipid bi-layer Micelle Lipoprotein: a spherical compound made up of bile salts and biliary phospholipids that transports lipid digestion products to the intestinal mucosal cell for endocytosis Chylomicrons Lipoprotein: produced in intestines to transport lipids Monoaclylglyceride a glycerol molecule with one fatty acid still attached at the second carbon on the glycerol backbone Triglyceride a molecule consisting of three fatty acids attached to a tree carbon glycerol backbone Amino Acids Building blocks of protein Essential Vs. Non Essential Amino Acids 9 Essential: Must be obtained by food 11 Non- essential: Can be created by body Limiting Amino Acid The essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the body Complete Protein Proteins containing all the essential amino acids; found only in soy and animal foods (meats and dairy products) Pepsin Activated by HCL in the stomach; begins the hydrolysis of proteins Bicarbonate substance in pancreatic juice acts that acts as a buffer for chyme in the small intestine Parietal cells Secretes Intrinsic Factor; essential for absorption of Vitamin B12, Chief cells A cell of the gastric glands that secretes pepsinogen (breaks down protein) Gastrin Hormone that triggers stomach to produce gastric juices Marasumus Disease cause by inadequate energy and nutrient intake. Typical starving African child look Kwashiorkor Disease cause by low protein intake. Leads to "fat belly" appearance. Sickle Cell Anemia Disease characterized by cells become crescent shaped causing them to become hard and sticky. Prominent in african americans (******s) Denaturation the process by which proteins uncoil and lose their shape and function when they are exposed to heat, acids, bases, heavy metals, alcohol, and other damaging substances Transamination process of transferring the anime group from one amino acid to another in order to manufacture a new amino acid Deamination the process by which an anime group is removed from an amino acid Hydrolysis a catabolic process by which large, chemically complex compound is broken apart with the addition of water Condensation an anabolic process by which smaller, chemically simple compounds are joined with the removal of water TCA Cycle Metabolic process that takes Acetyl CoA. 2- carbon acetyl CoA + 4- carbon oxaloacetate= 6-carbon citrate Anabolism the process of making new molecules from smaller ones. Build up Catabolism the breakdown, or degradation of larger molecules to smaller molecules. Break Down Pyruvate becomes... Aerobic Environment: Acetyl CoA Anaerobic Environment: Lactate (Lactic acid) Oxidation Metabolic Process: Lose electrons Reduction Metabolic Process: gain electrons Ketogenic Amino Acid converted directly to acetyl CoA for the synthesis of free fatty acids Glucogenic Amino Acid converted to pyruvate; amino acid that can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis Determin Protein Requirement Determined by nitrogen balance in body Sources on Energy per Exercise Duration ATP: 1-3 sec Creatine Phosphate: 3-15 sec Glucose: 30 sec - 3 min Aerobic Metabolism Glucose: 3 min- 4 hours Triglycerides: Day long Iron Heme: Easily absorbed (Animal foods) Non-heme: not easily absorbed (legumes, spinach) Conditions for greater absorption: Meat factor, stomach acids, Vitamin C Thiamin B1 required for the formation of coenzyme Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP); Deficiency: Beriberi (Muscle wasting, nerve damage) Riboflavin B2 Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis (Sore throat, swollen mucosal membranes, associated with protein-energy malnutrition and alcoholism) Niacin B3 essential for the formation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP); Deficiency: Pellagra (Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea) Vitamin B6 part of Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP); nvolved in metabolism of homocysteine Choline A vitamin-like substance important for metabolism, cell membranes, and neurotransmission Iodine Required for production of thyroid hormones Chromium involved in the cellular uptake of glucose Extracellular Ions Examples: sodium and chloride Intracellular Ions Examples: Potassium and phosphorus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hormone released to stimulate kidneys to retain water Secreted by pituitary gland Aldosterone Signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride Results in water retention Secreted by adrenal glands Hypokalemia low blood potassium Hyperkalemia High blood potassium Hyponatremia low blood sodium Hypernatremia High blood sodium Phosphorus Stored in bones absorption enhanced by Vitamin D Hypertension High BP; Main cause unknown Free radicals molecules with unpaired electrons. In their quest to find another electron, they are very reactive and cause damage to surrounding molecules. Formed by damage to cell membrane; Antioxidant Vitamins donate their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage Antioxidant Minerals act as cofactors within enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted 4 Main antioxidant micronutrients Vitamin E, Vitamin C beta-carotene Selenium Superoxide dismutase converts free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide Catalase removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting to water and oxygen Functions of Vitamin E Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids, other fatty cell components, and LDL (low density lipoprotein) from oxidation Normal nerve and muscle development Enhances immune system Improves vitamin A absorption, if vitamin A intake is low Vitamin E storage Adipose tissue 90% Cell membrane 10%: Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids, other fatty cell components, and LDL (low density lipoprotein) from oxidation Alpha-tocopherol Present form of Vitamin E in food Vitamin C Funtions Synthesis of: Collagn, DNA, Bile, Neurotransmitters, Carnitine , Hormones, and ensures appropriate levels of thyroxin hormone Regenerates oxidized Vitamin E Inadequate levels of Vitamin C Toxicity - nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, and abdominal cramps; iron accumulation Deficiency - scurvy (bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness, wounds that fail to heal, bone pain and fractures, diarrhea, depression) Vitamin A Beta-carotene: precurser Functions: Scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation Essential for healthy vision Cell differentiation Sperm production and fertilization Bone growth Glutathione peroxidase Requires selenium as cofactor Functions: Neutralizes peroxide molecules Spares Vitamin E Cortical (Compact) Bone outer hard surface of bone; 80% of skeleton Trabecular (Spongy) Bone inside of bones (scaffolding); 20% of skeleton Hydroxyapatite mineral crystals around collagen designed to bear weight Collagen fibrous protein in bone tissue Bone Remodeling recycling of bone tissue Osteoclasts: cells that erode the surface of bones Osteoblasts: cells that form the new bone matrix (bone builders) Low Blood Calcium Levels 1. parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone 2. increases Vitamin D ased absorption of calcium by the kidneys 4. Release of calcium due to bone degeneration 4. Release of calcium into blood to raise levels High Blood Calcium Levels Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland. 2. Decrease Vitamin D 3.Decreased absorption of calcium by the kidneys 4. Less release of calcium due to bone degeneration 4. Less release of calcium into blood to lower levels Vitamin K Sources: Green veggies Production: synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine Inadequate Vitamin K Consumption Diseases Chron's Disease, Celiac Disease, Cystic fibrosis Factors of Magnesium Absorption Enhance: Dietary Protein Decrease: Phytates and Fiber Flourosis Excess flouride Teeth become porous Vitamin D Deficiency in Skeleton Osteomalacia in adults Rickets in children Other forms of Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Calcidiol (Conversion in Liver) Calcitriol (Conversion in kidneys) Osteoporosis low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue leads to Kyphosis Erythrocytes Red blood cells Leukocytes White blood cells Platelets Cell fragments Clotting factor Plasma Fluid portion of blood Sources of Vitamin B12 Dairy, eggs, meat, Ferritin and Hemosedrin Storage molecules of Iron Transferrin Transports iron across body Zinc Absorbed from the lumen of the intestine into the enterocytes through active transport and simple diffusion Transport: Binds with albumin (transport protein) and is carried through the portal vein to the liver If not bound with albumin, excreted through feces Copper (DandT) Deficiency: Rare; anemia, reduced white blood cells, osteoporosis Toxicity: Wilson Disease; abdominal pain, nausea, liver damage Folate (DandT) Deficiency: Neural Tube defects and elevated homocysteine Toxicity: intestinal pain, nausea, vomiting Iron (DandT) Deficiency: Iron-depletion: caused by a decrease in iron stores Iron-deficiency erythropoiesis: occurs with decreased iron transport Iron-deficiency anemia - results in reduced healthy RBC production, inadequate hemoglobin Toxicity: Hemochromatosis; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Non-Specific Immune Cells Macrophages, Neutrophils, Natural Killer Specific Immune Cells Memory Cells, B-Cells, T-Cells Immunocompetence Ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen Body Classifications by Weight Underweight: < 18.5 kg/m^2 Normal weight range: 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m^2 Overweight: 25 - 29.9 kg/m^2 Obesity: 30 - 39.9 kg/m^2 Morbid obesity: > 40 kg/m^2 3 Components of energy expenditure Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)- energy the body expends to maintain its fundamental physiologic functions Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)- energy we expend to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store the nutrients we need Physical activity- energy we expend in any movement or work above basal levels Anorexia Nervosa self-starvation, which eventually leads to a deficiency in the energy and essential nutrients required by the body to function normally Bulimia Nervosa recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications