Pharmacology-Made Incredibly Easy (latest update)

Pharmacology-Made Incredibly Easy (latest update) Drug Distribution - Process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body. Quickly, Slower - After drug has reached bloodstream, its distributed __________ to organs with large supply of blood and _________ to internal organs like skin, fat, and muscles. Lipid-soluble Drugs - _______-______ ________ easily cross through the cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain. Water-Soluble Drugs - _______-______ ________ can't cross through the cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier and cannot enter the brain. Highly Protein-Bound - A drug is said to be _____ _____-______ if more than 80% of it binds to a protein. Biotransformation - (Drug Metabolism) Body's ability to change a drug from its dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted. Prodrugs - Drugs administrated as inactive drugs, that don't become active until metabolized. Plasma, Kidneys, Intestines. - Although most drugs are metabolized in the liver, metabolism can also occur in the _____, _____, and _____. immature, size, flow, production - Children have _________ livers that reduce the rate of drug metabolism. Elderly experience a decline in liver _____, blood _____, and enzyme _____ that also slows metabolism. Drug Excretion - Refers to the elimination of drugs from the body. Half-life of Drug - The time it takes for one half of the drug to be eliminated by the body. Depends on the rates of absorption, metabolism, and excretion. This is important because it helps determine how frequently a drug should be taken. Pharmacodynamics - The effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action. Blood Flow, Solubility, Protein Building - Drug Distribution depends on several factors including _____ _____, _______, and _______ _____. Drug Action - The interaction at the cellular level between a drug and cellular components. Drug Effect - The response resulting from a drug action, depends on what the cell is capable of accomplishing. cell, rate - A drug can modify ____ function or the ____ of function, but can't impact a new function to a cell or target tissue. Agonist - A drug that has an attraction or affinity with receptors and stimulates it. Intrinsic Activity - The drugs ability to initiate a response after binding with the receptor. Nonselective - A drug that acts on a variety of receptors, which can cause multiple and widespread effects. Antagonist - A drug that has an affinity for a receptor but displays little or no intrinsic activity. (prevents a response from occurring) Competitive Antagonist - A drug that competes with the agonist for receptor sites. This type of drug binds reversibly to the receptor site, administering large doses of an agonist can overcome the antagonist's effects. Noncompetitive Antagonist - Binds to receptor sites & blocks the effects of the agonist. Administering large doses of the agonist cant reverse its action. Drug Potency - The relative amount of a drug req. to produce a desired response. Acute therapy - If the patient is critically ill & req. acute intensive therapy Empiric Therapy - Based on practical exp rather than on pure scientific data Maintenance Therapy - For pt's w/ chronic conditions that don't resolve. Supplemental/ Replacement Theory - To replenish or substitute for missing substances in the body. Supportive Therapy - Doesn't treat the cause of the disease but maintains other threatened body systems until the pt's condition resolves Palliative Therapy - Used for end-stage or terminal diseases to make the pt as comfortable as possible. Drug Tolerance - Occurs when a pt has decreased response to a drug over time; pt req larger doses to produce the same response Drug Dependence - When a pt displays a physical/psychological need for the drug. Dose-related reactions - Secondary Effects, Hypersusceptibility, Overdose, Iatrogenic effects Idiosyncratic Response - Sensitivity-related adverse reactions don't result from the pharmacologic properties of a drug or from an allergy but are specific to the indv. pt. ; sometimes has genetic response. Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation - 5 Steps of Nursing Process (ADPIE) Assessment - Collecting data that is used to identify the pt's health needs; data can be collected from pt history(incl. drugs/allergies), physical exam, and reviewing pertinent lab and diagnostic info. Planning - After establishing nursing diagnosis, you'll develop a written care plan, which consists of two parts; 1. pt outcomes/ expected outcomes, which describes behaviors or results to be achieved within a specific time 2. nursing interventions needed to achieve those outcomes. Implementation - When you put your care plan into action. Evaluation - You must determine if the interventions carried out have enabled the pt to achieve the desired outcomes. Such as, pain relief. Realistic and Measurable - Outcomes of the nursing process can be easily evaluated if the expected outcomes are ___________ and ________ goals for the pt. Cholinergic Agonists Drugs - Not administered by IM or IV injections because they are almost immediately broken down by cholinesterase in the interstitial spaces between tissues and inside the blood vessels. They begin to work rapidly and cause cholinergic crisis. (overdose) Cholinergic Crisis - A drug overdose resulting in extreme muscle weakness and possible paralysis of the muscles used in respiration. Cholinergic Drugs - (Parasympathomimetic) promote the action of neurotransmitter acetylcholine; produce effects that imitate parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Epilation - Extraction; the removal of hair by the roots. Cholinergic Agonists are usually administered? - Topically (eye drops), Orally, and Subcutaneous (Subcut) Injection Cholingeric Agonists are absorbed _________ and reach peak levels with ___ hours. - rapidly, 2 What decreases the absorption of Cholingeric Agonists? - Food 20 - Less than _____% Cholingeric Agonists is protein bound Cholinesterase, muscarinic, nicotinic, plasma, liver, kidneys. - All Cholingeric Agonists are metabolized by __________ at the ___________ and ____________ receptor sites, in the _________ and the__________. These drugs are excreted by the _______. Acetylcholine - a compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter. Pharmacodynamics of Cholinergic Agonists - Salivation, Bradycardia, Dilation of Blood Vessels, increased activity of GI tract, constriction of the pulmonary bronchioles, increased tone and contraction of the muscles of the bladder, and constriction of the pupils. Pharmacotherapeutics of Cholinergic Agonists - Treat atonic bladder conditions & postoperative & postpartum urinary retention Treat GI disorders, such as postoperative abdominal distention & GI atony Reduced eye pressure in pt's w/ glaucoma & during eye surgery Treat salivary gland hypofunction caused by radiation therapy & Sjogren's syndrome. atonic - weak GI Atony (ileus) - Inability of the intestine (bowel) to contract normally and move waste out of the body. Hypofunction - Diminished, abnormally low, or inadequate functioning. Sjogren's Syndrome - An immune system disorder characterized by dry eyes and dry mouth.