Praxis 5623 (PLT 5-9) practice exam 2023

1. Abraham Maslow: Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs, which are the unconscious desires that motivate people. 2. Accommodations: Accommodations provide students access to the same cur- riculum as their grade-level peers, but information is presented in a different way. (Think graphic organizers/vocabulary words prior to a reading exercise) 3. Albert Bandura: A Canadian psychologist who developed the social learning theory (SLT) 4. Americans with Disabilities Act: Prohibits discrimination based on disabilities. Includes activities that take both on and off campus, including athletics and extracurricular activities. 5. Attribution theory: Internal attribution is assumed when other people make mistakes or are victims, since individuals tend to see others as a predictable stereotype. When an individual makes a mistake, he or she tends to view the cause as external. 6. B.F. Skinner: Expanded on operant conditioning but focused on responding to environment in lieu of responding to stimuli. 7. Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS): Conversational English 8. Benjamin Bloom: Contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning. 9. Classical conditioning: Involves learning a response to a stimuli or the envi- ronment. (E.g.: Pavlov's dogs -- food/bell) 10. Code-switching: Code-switching happens when students slip into their native language while speaking their second language, and vice versa. 11. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP): CALP is a student's ability to comprehend academic vocabulary in English. Typically takes 5-7 years for students to reach this level. 12. Cognitive disabilities: Cognitive disabilities are impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. 13. Cognitive dissonance theory: A student feels uneasy when the student has conflicting thoughts about a given topic. 14. Differentiation: Providing curricula for students based on their individual needs, including learning styles and level. 15. Divergent thinkers: Divergent thinkers are people who think more deeply and differently from other people. Things that seem like common sense may not make sense to a divergent thinker, and there may be differences in thought processes. Finds it difficult to multitask. Hard to understand what teacher expects. Need support building relationships and understanding formatted vs flexible forms of assignments 16. Edward Thorndike: Thorndike's research initially led to operant conditioning; Thorndike's learning laws include the law of effect, the law of readiness, and the law of exercise