Praxis 5623: PLT 5-9 2023 latest study guide

1. Albert Bandura: Social learning theory - Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation and direct instruction. 2. Jerome Bruner: Discovery Learning - It is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves. 3. Constructivism theory: Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Dewey- People con- struct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. 4. John Dewey: The father of progressive education. All for progressive education which emphasized the need to learn by doing. He believed that human beings learn through "hands on" approach. Project based learning! 5. Pragmatists: They believe that reality must be experienced. 6. Erik Erikson: eight stages of psychosocial development in which a healthy developing individual passes through from infancy to adulthood. 7. Carol Gilligan: The ethics of care is a theory about what makes actions morally right or wrong. She has feminist roots that tie into this. 8. Lawrence Kohlberg: Theory of moral development which states that morality starts from childhood years and can be affected by several factors. Morality an be developed either negatively or positively, depending on how an individual accomplishes the tasks before him during each stage of moral development across lifespan. 9. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs. Students need to have basic needs met and feel safe before learning can occur. 10. Maria Montessori: A child centered educational approach. "Follow the hid, they will show you what they need to do." 11. Jean Piaget: Four stages of cognitive development. Children learn through actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience - is a description of cognitive development (sensorimotor pre-operational, concrete, and formal). 12. B.F. Skinner: Developed the theory of operant conditioning - A behaviorist idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior occur again. 13. Lev Vygotsky: Created the Zone of Proximal Development - children learn through hands-on experience, but unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensi