Epidemiology Final Exam| 64 questions| with complete solutions

Prospective (Concurrent) Cohort Study correct answer: Where baseline exposure is assessed in real time and cohorts are followed into the future. Retrospective (Historical) Cohort Study correct answer: Where baseline exposure is assessed at some point in the past, through historical records; cohorts are followed over historical time to the end of follow up. Risk Ratio correct answer: Incidence in exposed/incidence in unexposed. Relative Risk correct answer: Ratio of incidence; cumulative incidence in the exposed subjects/cumulative incidence in the unexposed. Rate Ratio correct answer: Incidence rate in exposed/incidence rate in unexposed. Risk Difference correct answer: Incidence in exposed-incidence unexposed; the absolute difference in the incidence of disease between the exposed group and the non-exposed group. Attributable Risk correct answer: CI among the exposed-CI among the unexposed; also known as the incidence rate/density difference. Therapeutic Trials correct answer: Almost always conducted among individuals (e.g. clinical trial). Prevention Trials correct answer: May be conducted among individuals (e.g. field trial) or among entire populations (community trial). Phase I of Clinical Research correct answer: Trials to evaluate safety of the drug. Phase II of Clinical Research correct answer: Trials in a small number of people from the target population to document the activity of the drug; may involve before/after comparisons and often without the control group. Phase III of Clinical Research correct answer: Large-scale experimental studies to determine the efficacy of a drug in a typical clinical population, to monitor side effects and compare the drug with other available treatments; should be based on randomized controlled trials.