Epidemiology 3 questions with complete solutions

Confounding correct answer: A factor that is connected to two other factors that makes the other two factors appear related even though they are not; distort the apparent relationship between the exposure and the outcome Comparing populations correct answer: Combining two population frequencies into a single summary parameter to estimate the association between exposure and disease Relative risk correct answer: A ratio of disease frequencies for two populations, which indicates how much more likely one group is to develop the disease than another; often used as a generic term for all measures of association Attributable risk correct answer: The difference in disease frequencies between two populations, which indicates on an absolute scale how much greater the frequency of disease is in one group compared with another Odds ratio correct answer: Ratio of the odds occurring in one group vs. the odds occurring in another group; approximates RR Etiologic fraction correct answer: Estimates the proportion of the rate in the exposed population that is due to the exposure; must remove cases that would have occurred without the exposure Population etiologic fraction correct answer: Provides an indication of the effect of removing a particular exposure on the burden in the population Rate ratio (RR) correct answer: Calculated using incidence rates or incidence density Risk ratio correct answer: Ratio using cumulative incidence Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) correct answer: Observed vs expected with external reference group Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) correct answer: Based on the use of proportion rather than a rate, used when you have no external reference group Relative risk correct answer: The ratio of the risk of death or disease among those exposed compared to the risk of death or disease among those not exposed; the INCIDENCE rate among the exposed divided by the incidence rate among the non-exposed Positive association / risk factor correct answer: If an association is greater than 1.0.. Protective factor / negative association correct answer: If an association is less than 1.0 ... No association correct answer: If an association is