The Ultimate AP World History Set exam coverage, 100% Accurate, rated A. Verified.

The Ultimate AP World History Set exam coverage, 100% Accurate, rated A. Verified. Mesopotamia - -A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Fertile Crescent - -The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. ziggurat - -A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top pictograms - -A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept cuneiform - -The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE. ideograms - -A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese) Sumer - -The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years. Xia - -A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script. Shang Dynasty - -An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period. Zhou Dynasty - -Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties. Yellow River - -Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley. Oracle Bones - -The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Teotihuacan - -A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450. Jenne-Jeno - -One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions. Great Zimbabwe - -A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining. Hammurabi - -The first king of the Babylonian Empire. Best known for his legal code. Code of Hammurabi - -A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. Hittites - -An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron. Zoroastrianism - -One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. Zoroaster - -The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion. Hellenistic - -Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Trireme - -Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships. Minoans - -One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above. Acropolis - -Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here. Plato - -Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens. Pax Romana - -The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.) Republic - -A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under the constitution Centuries - (not the time period) - -The smallest units of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens. Consul - -Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other. Patricians - -land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome Plebeians - -all non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome Paterfamilias - -the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death. Twelve Tables - -Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic to protect individual following demands by plebeians. Triumvirate - -An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. Monophysites - -The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering. Julius Caesar - -Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E. Octavian - -Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. Diocletian - -Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement. Bread and Circuses - -A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems. Goths - -An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people. legalism - -A school of Chinese philosophy that come into prominence during the period of the Warring states and had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. People following this took a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely. assimilation - -The process by which different ethnic groups lose their distinctive cultural identity through contact with the dominant culture of a society, and gradually become absorbed and integrated into it. Huns - -large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting. Tang Revival - -Continuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires. Yellow Turban - -A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks. Liu Bang - -First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals. Aryans - -immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC Vedas - -compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests Mahabharata - -the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC Janapadas - -Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India. They are the earliest kingdoms set up by the Indo-Aryans migrants to India. Guilds - -associations of businessmen and producers Dharma - -the fulfillment of social and religious duties in Hinduism Artha-sastra - -characterized inter-state relations in ancient India Siddhartha Gautama - -the founder of Buddhism Rigveda - -a book composed by Brahman priests that contains verses and Sanskrit poetry Caste system - -a social system that separated people by occupation, the caste system in India has virtually no social mobility Samsara - -the cycle of life in Hinduism Puranas - -a collection of ancient stories that feature Hindu gods such as Vishnu and Shiva Nirvana - -release from suffering into a blissful nothingness Four Noble Truths - -suffering is always present in life; desire is the cause of suffering; freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana; the Eightfold Path leads to nirvana Mahayana Buddhism - -The more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects, this one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia. Jainism - -An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor). Silk Road - -connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture. Empress Wu - -the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. Mantra - -the repetition of mystic incantations in Hinduism and Buddhism. Mentuhotep I - -Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE. Olmec - -Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads. Maya - -Extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar Nazca - -South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations Neo-Assyrians - -Assyrian resurgence that initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them Mycenae - -Sea-faring proto-Greek kingdom whose abrupt demise triggered the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1200 BCE-800 BCE Persia - -Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires Polis - -Form of government in which power is centralized into a local city-state. Solon - -Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred Pericles - -Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force Peloponnesian War - -Conflict between Athens and Sparta Macedonia - -Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great Philip II - -Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his murder Ptolemy - -Subordinate to Alexander who took over Egypt after his death Stoicism - -Roman philosophy which emphasizes accepting life dispassionately Qin - -1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty Shinto - -"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits Rama - -Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana Siddhartha Gautama - -Indian prince who renounced his worldly possessions and founded Buddhism; Buddha Apostle Paul - -Zealous proponent of Christianity who was instrumental in its spread beyond Judaism Guild - -associations like those of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members, and that sometimes constituted a local governing body. Epic of Gilgamesh - -an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. Hieroglyphics - -designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented Jenne-jeno - -considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers in sub-Saharan Africa. Hegemony - -leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation. Hoplite - -a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men. Iconoclast - -Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship. Diaspora - -any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. St. Augustine - -one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity Agora - -the chief marketplace of Athens, center of the city's civic life. Realpolitik - -political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals. Punic Wars - -the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome. Stoicism - -An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists. Balance of Power - -a distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others. Satrapy - -Conquered territory in Media and later Perisa, ruled through client kings and governors rather than by direct rule. Buddhism - -a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject. Mandate of Heaven - -a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source Sanskrit - -an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India. Assimilation - -The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture. Diffusion - -The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another Imperialism - -The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples. First done by Sargon of Akkad to the Sumerian city states. Cyrus II - -Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name Cambyses II - -Son of Cyrus II; extended the Persian Empire into Egypt Darius I - -General in the Persian army who took power when Cambyses II died; he continued many of Cyrus' policies and was a more capable ruler than Cambyses Aristotle - -Pupil of Plato who tutored Alexander the Great; argued for small units of government like the city-state Alexander the Great - -King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia Constantinople - -City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire Confucianism - -Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice Daoism - -Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China Babylonian Empire - -Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites Delian League - -Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities Carthage - -City in North Africa that developed trading outposts in Italy; Rome toke control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars Augustus - -Title given the the Roman emperor Octavian which means "sacred" or "venerable" Constantine - -Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital Byzantine Empire - -Eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the western part Aryans - -Group of people who immigrated from Persia or central Asia and settled with the Harrappans in India Talmud - -the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara. Warring States Period - -the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty. tribune - -in Ancient Rome, a plebian officer elected by plebeians charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate. Theodosius - -Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire. urbanization - -the movement of people to Urban areas in search of work. Vishnu - -a major Hindu god called The Preserver. Wheel of Life - -an important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation. Tao-te Ching - -the central text of Daoism. Zhou dynasty - -the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced. Teotihuacan - -the most significant Mesoamerican city. Tanakh - -a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon. ulama - -the theologians and legal experts of Islam. umma - -the community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries. Yurt - -a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles. Akbar - -The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings. Safavid Persia - -Islamic society that ruled the area that is currently Iran during Jizya - -Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire Syncretism - -The unification of opposing people, ideas, or practices Sikhs - -Members of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India. Delhi - -Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India Isfahan - -Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries found in central Iran Constantinople - -A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul Mestizo - -Someone with interracial ancestry, especially found in Latin America Divine Right of Kings - -Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent Glorious Revolution - -English overthrow of in which James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. The significance is that Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful. King Charles I - -The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s). Tennis Court Oath - -A pledge signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate in France, the first time the French formally opposed Louis XVI Napoleon - -A French general and then French Emperor later exiled to the island of St. Helena Napoleonic Wars - -French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon French Revolution - -Overthrow of the Monarchy in France in which Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI are executed Bourgeoisie - -A term for the middle class. A social class characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture. They derive social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners granted feudal privileges. Kepler - -German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics John Locke - -17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Shakespeare - -A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century. Deism - -The belief that there is a God, but after the creation of the world became indifferent to it 95 Theses - -Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences Indulgences - -Remission of sins granted to people by the Catholic church, such as for money Bartholomew Dias - -Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope Cortes - -The Spanish conqueror of Mexico Enconmienda - -Concession from Spanish letting a colonist take tribute from Indians in a certain area Repartimiento - -A system that the Spanish let colonists employ Indians in forced labor Mita - -When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America, also known as the repartimiento system Hacienda - -Spanish estates that were often plantations Mercantilism - -Economic policy that restricted the outflow of money; made state stronger economically Laissez Faire - -The belief that the government shouldn't intervene much and should instead let the people do Capitalism - -Economic system with private/ corporate ownership/ competitive market Nation-State - -An area of homogenous people that share a common feeling of nationality Leonardo da Vinci - -A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa. Huguenot - -A French Protestant Shogun - -Commander of the Japanese army in ancient and feudal times. At times more similar to a duke and/or a military dictator. Samurai - -A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan Aborigine - -The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia Janissary - -A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army Dar al-Islam - -a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely. Sufi - -A member of the more mystical third sect of Islam Martin Luther - -Leader of the reformation that was excommunicated by the Catholic church due to his opposition to certain practices Enlightenment - -A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy. Jamestown - -The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia Hundred Years War - -War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453) Colombian Exchange - -The trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the Eastern and Western hemispheres The Golden Triangle - -Trade triangle between US, Britain, and Africa. Ships would take valued goods to Britain from America, get money, sail down to Africa, buy slaves, and take them back to America Colonization - -The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people Scientific Revolution - -period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas. Copernicus - -Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth. Ming - -Chinese dynasty between . Economy flourished, Border Policy was good, but not well enough enforced, as they were taken over by the Manchu from the North in 1644. Gunpowder - -substance used for the domination of trade in the Indian Ocean by the British Botany Bay - -Place that the British first colonized in Australia Christopher Columbus - -He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. Empiricism - -theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things. Philosophes - -Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time. Jacobins - -very radical French revolutionary party responsible for Reign of Terror and execution of king Girondins - -French revolutionary group formed mainly by middle classes who opposed more radical Concordat - -the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution. Balance of power - -policy that aims to secure peace by preventing dominance of any particular state or group of states Marie Curie - -Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity. Albert Einstein - -German physicist, father of modern quantum physics. Sigmund Freud - -Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Cixi - -Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager. Sun Yat-sen - -Chinese man who led the revolution against the Manchu Dynasty. Guomindang - -Political party in China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD. creole - -Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status. Porfirio Díaz - -Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Pancho Villa - -Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. Zapata - -Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. Young Turks - -A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It Against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Members of this group were progressive, modernist and opposed to the status quo. The movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period and trancended through the decline of the Ottoman Empire and into the new Turkish state. Franz Ferdinand - -Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI. Bolshevik - -The early Communists that overthrew the Czar in the Russian Revolution. Vladimir Lenin - -Leader of the Russian Revolution; Bolshevik. Lusitania - -British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI. Zimmerman telegram - -Telegram sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917. Fourteen Points - -Woodrow Wilson's plan put before the League of Nations to prevent future war. Treaty of Versailles - -Treaty with harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I. League of Nations - -Precursor the United Nations created after World War I. Joseph Stalin - -Leader of the Soviet Union directly after the Russian Revolution. Collectivization - -Process of changing property from private ownership to communal ownership. Usually this went along with communist efforts to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing. Franklin D. Roosevelt - -President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II. Civilian Conservation Corps - -A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression. Fascism - -A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization. Benito Mussolini - -Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism Adolf Hitler - -German leader of the Nazi Party Nazism - -National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism. Weimar Republic - -German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy. Mein Kampf - -Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology. Totalitarianism - -Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives. Zaibatsu - -Large conglomerate corporations that exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan. Francisco Franco - -Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death Sudetenland - -Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population Winston Churchill - -British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953 Suez Canal - -A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea Tito - -Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war Holocaust - -Mass murder of Jews under the Nazi Regime Comfort girls - -Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan's empire expanded. Nuremberg Trials - -Trials held for the Germans convicted of war crimes Berlin Blockade - -Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift NATO - -Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets Warsaw Pact - -Alliance against democracy, supporting communism McCarthyism - -The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism Hydrogen bomb - -A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen Nikita Khrushchev - -Soviet leader who denounced Stalin Gulag - -Russian prison camp for political prisoners Leonid Brezhnev - -Soviet leader who was after Khrushchev Proxy war - -A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate Fidel Castro - -Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba John F. Kennedy - -President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis Gamal Abdel Nasser - -He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt Aswan High Dam - -one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt Charles de Gaulle - -French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969 Khomeini - -leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution OPEC - -An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Sandinista - -Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair. Zionism - -a worldwide Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel in 1948. Delhi Sultanate - -Region of India controlled by Muslims Timur - -Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His biggest rival though was the Islamized Golden Horde. He is the great great grandfather of Babur who later founds the Mughal Empire. Khmer Empire - -aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia Maori - -New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE Pax Mongolica - -Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire Ghana - -West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's Habsburgs - -German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe Witchcraft - -many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe. Humanism - -Philosophy that emphasizes human reason and ethics; sometimes denies the existence of a god Hadith - -Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations Marco Polo - -Italian explorer who introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China, from his travels throughout there. Mongol Empire - -Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. Humanism - -Intellectual movement initiated in Western Europe "putting man first", and considering humans to be of primary importance. Leonardo da Vinci - -Famous artist/painter in the 15th century. Created "The Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" Prince Henry The Navigator - -Explorer of West Africa in the 15th century, making many new discoveries there about Africa. Abbasid Caliphate - -Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. Adolf Hitler - -Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. African National Congress - -An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality. Afrikaners - -South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. Agricultural Revolution - -The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. Akbar - -Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. ). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. Akhenaten - -Egyptian pharaoh (r. B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. Albert Einstein - -German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. Alexandria - -City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras. Alexander the Great - -Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. All-India Muslim League - -Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan. Enclosure Movement - -The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization. aqueduct - -A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization. Armenia - -One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century. Asante - -African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. Asoka - -Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. Asian Tigers - -Collective