IOP2602 EXAM PACK 2025

(1) What stages do groups pass through? 1. Idea generation, implementation and termination. 2. Introduction, high productivity and decline. 3. Initiation, evolution, maturation and decline. 4. Forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. (2) How would you describe a work group? 1. A group whose individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs. 2. A group that primarily interacts to share information and to make decisions to help each of the other members perform within their area of responsibility. 3. A group of 10 to 15 people who take on the responsibilities of their former supervisor 4. A group comprising members from across departmental lines. (3) Work teams can be described as _________. 1. a team willing to share information 2. a team where the team goal is collective performance 3. a team with a focus on individual accountability 4. a team that has negative synergy (4) Which of the following is an example of a group decision-making technique? 1. Brainstorming. 2. Problem solving. 3. Goal orientated. 4. Negotiation. (5) A work team has one important aspect that is not found in a work group. This aspect is _________. S - The study-notes marketplace 1. energy 2. enthusiasm 3. synergy 4. objectives (6) You are a member of a team made up of employees from the same level within the organisation, but from different work areas, that has come together to accomplish a task. This is an example of a __________. 1. negotiation team 2. cross-functional team 3. problem-solving team 4. manipulation team (7) When an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations, the result is role ________. 1. conflict 2. expectation 3. perception 4. identity (8) Which of the following is NOT a reason why people join groups? 1. Security. 2. Status. 3. Equity. 4. Power. (9) Rati always ends up in an argument with other team members. The leader has concluded that Rati is a disagreeable person who prevents the team from achieving its goals. This statement is an illustration of ________ on team effectiveness. 1. member preference S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 2. process and context 3. personality of member 4. allocation of roles (10) To undermine the habit of ________, effective teams make their members individually and jointly accountable for the team’s purpose, goals and approach. 1. negative interaction 2. confrontation 3. mental models 4. social loafing (11) _________ refers to the ability to influence a group of people toward the achievement of a vision or set goals. 1. Leadership 2. Management 3. Organising 4. Control (12) One difference between leadership and management is _________. 1. coping with change 2. coping with complexities 3. good management brings order and consistency 4. coordinating and staffing the organisation and coping with day-to-day problems (13) Which one of the following is NOT a limitation of the trait theories of leadership? 1. Ignoring the needs of followers. 2. Failing to recognise the relative importance of traits . 3. Ignoring the skills of leaders. 4. Ignoring situational factors. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace (14) If behavioural theories of leadership are valid, then leaders are _________. 1. trained 2. born 3. dominant 4. powerless (15) One characteristics of trust among leaders is _________. 1. esteem 2. integrity 3. success 4. charisma (16) Which one of the following is NOT a contingency theory? 1. Autocratic‐democratic continuum model. 2. Path‐goal model. 3. Managerial grid model. 4. Leader‐participation model. (17) The two types of leaders may be identified as _________. 1 transformational and charismatic leaders 2 transactional and transcendent leaders 3. transactional and transformational leaders 4. task‐oriented and production‐centred leaders (18) Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of trust? 1. Integrity. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 2. Ability. 3. Benevolence. 4. Distance. (19) _________ refers to honesty and truthfulness. 1. Integrity 2. Consistency 3. Competence 4. Friendliness (20) The common theme that underlies conflict is _________. 1. it is perception based 2. it results from opposition or incompatibility 3. some form of interaction 4. all of the above (21) The demarcation between functional and dysfunctional conflict is _________. 1. clear and precise 2. individual perception 3. the effect on group performance 4. measured on the conflict intensity scale (22) Conditions that create opportunities for conflict are initiated in stage _________ of the conflict process. 1. I 2. III 3. IV 4. V S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace (23) Labour management negotiations over wages exemplify _________ bargaining. 1. integrative 2. cost‐effective 3. distributive 4. third‐party (24) A process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree upon the exchange rate for them is known as? 1. Negotiation. 2. Conflict management. 3. Economics. 4. Supply-side economics. (25) Integrative bargaining focuses relationships on _________. 1. I win – you lose 2. the short term 3. resistance to bargaining 4. the long term (26) Which one of the following is NOT a component of organisational structure? 1. Work specialisation. 2. Formalisation. 3. Centralisation. 4. Technology. (27) The basis on which jobs are grouped together is termed _________. 1. departmentalisation 2. formalization 3. work specialisation S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4. centralisation (28) Which two forms of departmentalisation does the matrix structure combine? 1. Simple and functional. 2. Functional and product. 3. Product and organic. 4. Organic and mechanistic. (29) The ________ organisation stands in sharp contrast to a typical bureaucracy that has many vertical levels of management and where control is sought through ownership. 1. virtual 2. team 3. boundaryless 4. matrix (30) Changes in corporate strategy precede and lead to _________. 1. changes in the environment 2. better communication 3. increased productivity 4. changes in an organisation’s structure (31) Which of the following is NOT true about institutionalisation? 1. It operates to produce a common understanding about appropriate behaviour. 2. Acceptable modes of behaviour become largely self‐evident to its members . 3. The organisation is valued for itself. 4. The organisation is bound by its original mission. (32) The key characteristic of organisational culture, which addresses the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organisation, is termed _________. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 1. innovation 2. attention to detail 3. outcome orientation 4. people orientation (33) _________ is a system of shared meaning. 1. Organisational culture 2. Subculture 3. Institutionalisation 4. Socialisation (34) Culture performs all the following functions, except _________. 1. showing how organisations are all basically the same 2. enhancing social system stability 3. conveying a sense of identity to the organisation’s members 4. facilitating commitment to something larger than individual self‐interest (35) Which one of the following does NOT sustain organisational culture? 1. Selection practices. 2. Actions by top management. 3. Socialisation methods. 4. Internalising of beliefs. (36) Identify one item that does NOT relate to the transmission of culture to employees. 1. Stories. 2 Language. 3. Rituals. 4. Happiness. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace (37) Which of the following is NOT a force for change in organisations today? 1. Technology. 2. Economic shocks. 3. Competition. 4. All of the above. (38) Which one of the following is NOT a tactic for reducing resistance to change? 1. Negotiations. 2. Participation. 3. Internal staff specialists. 4. Coercion. (39) The term “organisational development” is a method of changing _________. 1. people 2. technology 3. the structure 4. the physical setting (40) You have heard that your department is going to be reorganised. You are opposed to the reorganisation, because you fear you may lose your job. Your reason for resistance is _________. 1. habit 2. security 3. economic factors 4. selective information processing (41) ________ is a scientific method for managing planned change that involves? diagnosis, analysis, feedback, action and evaluation. 1. Sensitivity training S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 2. Survey feedback 3. Action research 4. Organisational development (42) The activities of team‐building include all of the following, except _________. 1. goal‐setting 2. a collection of planned change interventions 3. team‐process analysis 4. role analysis (43) Twisting facts to make them more attractive and creating false rumours to get employees to accept change are examples of _________. 1. participation 2. manipulation 3. collaboration 4. coercion (44) One of the goals for planned change within organisations is _________. 1. Improve the ability of the organisation 2. Artificial intelligence 3. Work stress 4. Culture (45) What is action research? 1. Confrontation. 2. Participation. 3. Process of change. 4. Team-building. (46) The categories of stress symptoms are _________. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 1. respect for people 2. power and equalisation 3. physiological, psychological and behavioural symptoms 4. resistance to change (47) A learning organisation is _________. 1. create a degree of behavioural stability and predictability 2. people continually developing their capacity 3. increase resources 4. create a innovate climate (48) Innovation is _________. 1. a new idea applied 2. creative patterns of thinking 3. collective aspiration 4. capacity development (49) Work stress has become a major issue for employees at work, the three potential stressors are: 1. Environmental, organisational and personal stressors. 2. External and internal stressors. 3. Managerial stressors. 4. Work-life stressors. (50) One of the following is a OD intervention. 1. Role analysis. 2. Goal-setting. 3. Personal development. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4. Sensitivity training. 1. The field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organisations and how this behaviour affects the organisation’s performance is _____. 1. productivity 2. management 3. organisational behaviour 4. leadership (See prescribed book, Organisational Psychology for IOP2602: 1st UNISA custom edition (2017). ISBN: , p. 10) 2. Which one of the following is NOT a discipline that contributes to the organisational behaviour field? 1. Psychology 2. Biology 3. Social psychology 4. Sociology (See prescribed book, pp. 14 - 15) 3. If you are dealing with increased foreign assignments, working with people from different cultures and overseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labour, you are _____. 1. responding to globalisation 2. creating a positive work environment 3. improving ethical behaviour 4. helping employees balance work-life conflicts S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace (See prescribed book, pp. 16 - 17) 4. Today’s successful organisations must foster innovation and master the art of change, or they will become candidates of extinction. This statement concerns ______. 1. improving ethical behavior 2. improving customer service 3. workforce diversity 4. stimulating innovation and change (See prescribed book, p. 20) 5. In the organisational behaviour model, attitudes and stress, task performance, citizenship behaviour, withdrawal behaviour, group cohesion, group functioning, productivity and survival are _____. 1. inputs 2. processes 3. outcomes 4. structures (See prescribed book, p. 25) 6. _____ are evaluative statements – either favourable or unfavourable – about objects, people or events. 1. Attitudes 2. Perceptions 3. Judgements 4. Motivations (See prescribed book, p. 43) S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 7. The affective component of an attitude refers to _____. 1. the opinion or belief segment of an attitude 2. the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude 3. an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something 4. evaluative statements or judgements concerning objects, people or events (See prescribed book, p. 43) 8. The degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it and considers performance important to self-worth is _____. 1. organisational commitment 2. job satisfaction 3. psychological empowerment 4. job involvement (See prescribed book, p. 47) Which statement regarding job satisfaction is incorrect? 1. Job satisfaction is an employee attitude. 2. Job satisfaction is a positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. 3. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds negative feelings about his/her job. 4. Organisational behaviour researchers give job satisfaction high importance. (See prescribed book, p. 47) S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 10. Perception is a process by which individuals organise and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that influences perception? 1. The perceiver. 2. The object or target. 3. Reality itself. 4. The context of the situation in which the perception is mad. (See prescribed book, pp. 76 - 77) 11. An attempt to determine whether an individual’s behaviour is internally or externally caused, and which depends on three factors namely, distinctiveness, consensus and, consistency is _______. 1. attribution theory 2. common shortcuts in judging others 3. self-serving bias 4. selective perception (See prescribed book, p. 78) 12. Which one of the following is NOT a decision-making model in organisations? 1. Rational decision-making. 2. Bounded rationality. 3. Intuitive decision-making. 4. Trial and error. (See prescribed book, pp. 86 - 87) 13. The least rational way of making decisions that occurs outside conscious thought, relies on holistic associations, is fast and usually engages in emotions is called _____. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 1. bounded reality 2. rational decision-making 3. intuitive decision-making 4. alternative decision-making (See prescribed book, pp. 87 - 88) 14. Studies have found that women are more likely than men to overanalyse problems when making a decision. This individual difference is based on ______. 1. mental ability 2. gender 3. cultural differences 4. self-esteem (See prescribed book, p. 96) 15. Which one of the following is NOT a guideline for making ethical decisions? 1. Gather all the facts, company rules and regulations governing such a decision. 2. Define the ethical issues such as harm, kickbacks and accepting or offering bribes. 3. You should not worry what co-workers think of you and nor should you ignore your character and integrity. 4. Identify the consequences (short- and long-term) as well as the parties affected by the decision. (See prescribed book, p. 102) 16. The higher-order needs in Maslow’s hierarchy in theories of motivation are: 1. Safety and love. 2. Social and esteem. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 3. Esteem and self-actualisation. 4. Physiological and self-actualisation. (See prescribed book, p. 123) 17. Need for achievement (nAch), need for power (nPow) and need for affiliation (nAff) are concepts in ______. 1. McClelland’s theory of needs 2. two-factor theory 3. self-determination theory 4. goal-setting theory (See prescribed book, p. 127) 18. Self-inside, self-outside, other-inside, other-outside are concepts related to ______. 1. reinforcement theory 2. social-learning theory 3. equity theory 4. self-efficacy theory (See prescribed book, p. 140) 19. Which one of the following is the definition for job engagement? 1. The drive to excel and to succeed according to a high set of standards. 2. Investment of physical, cognitive and emotional energies into job performance. 3. An individual’s belief that he/she is capable of performing a task. 4. The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships at work. (See prescribed book, p. 132) S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 20. Which one of the following describes the correct sequence in the five-stage groupdevelopment model? 1. Performing, storming, norming, forming, adjourning. 2. Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning. 3. Storming, norming, forming, performing, adjourning. 4. Adjourning, norming, storming, forming, performing. (See prescribed book, p. 166) 21. An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and viceversa is known as ______. 1. role perception 2. role expectation 3. psychological contract 4. expected behaviour (See prescribed book, p. 168) 22. The tendency of individuals to put forth less of an effort when working in a group than when working alone is referred to as ______. 1. status inequity 2. social loafing 3. group norms 4. group cohesion (See prescribed book, p. 176) 23. Problem-solving, self-managed, cross-functional and virtual are concepts related to ______. 1. groups S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 2. individuals 3. teams 4. associates (See prescribed book, p. 202) 24. Which one of the following statements is applicable to South African teams in comparison to global teams? 1. They need to develop cross-border skills more quickly. 2. They have usually been part of the global market for many years. 3. Team members are more used to interaction across borders. 4. There has been extensive research on teamwork. (See prescribed book, p. 202) 25. Theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders are ______. 1. behavioural theories 2. leader-member exchange theories 3. contingency theories 4. trait theories of leadership (See prescribed book, p. 242) 26. The late President Nelson Mandela, Emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Martin Luther King Jr., and Steve Jobs are known as ______. 1. transactional leaders 2. situational leaders 3. charismatic leaders 4. behavioural leaders S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace (See prescribed book, p. 254) 27. Which one of the following does NOT apply to trust in leadership? 1. Trust enhances productivity. 2. Trust discourages taking risks. 3. Trust facilitates information sharing . 4. Trusting groups are more effective. (See prescribed book, p. 266) 28. The process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to affect negatively, something that the first party cares about is referred to as ______. 1. power 2. conflict 3. leadership 4. negotiation (See prescribed book, p. 291) 29. Which one of the following does NOT apply to grouping of activities? 1. Number of employees. 2. Functions. 3. Product or service. 4. Geography or territory. (See prescribed book, pp. ) S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 30. Edgars, Woolworths and Pick ‘n Pay gave their store managers more freedom than some of their competitors in choosing what merchandise to stock. Through _____ they actively encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. 1. centralisation 2. formalisation 3. span of control 4. decentralisation (See prescribed book, p. 335) 1. Over the past three decades, business and management faculties have come to realise the role that understanding human behaviour plays in determining a manager’s effectiveness, and therefore required courses on people skills have been added to many curricula. This statement relates to the importance of ________ skills in organisations. 1. technical 2. functional 3. interpersonal 4. entrepreneurial 2. ________ means managers search the organisation and its environment for opportunities and initiate projects to bring about change. 1. Organising 2. Disturbance handler 3. Disseminator 4. Entrepreneur 3. Which of the following is not one of the manager’s roles as depicted by Mintzberg? 1. Conductor. 2. Spokesperson. 3. Figurehead. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4. Leader. 4. _________ based approach refers to the view of management that is anchored in the hierarchical status and the centrality of power relations inherent to the function of management. 1. Coaching 2. Facilitation 3. Functional 4. Organising 5. In the current turbulent business environment, it is important that managers are able to identify problems and analyse and diagnose complex situations to ensure the success of the organisation. These tasks require _________ skills. 1. networking 2. conceptual 3. technical 4. traditional 6. Which of the following is NOT a determinant of behaviour in organisations? 1. Collective. 2. Groups. 3. Individuals. 4. Structure. 7. Which of the following are concerns emphasised in organisational behaviour? 1. Jobs, leadership and profit. 2. Productivity, jobs and leadership. 3. Profit, communication and leadership. 4. Productivity, performance and communication. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 8. Duduzile’s research is focusing on relationships to can attribute cause and effect and she draws conclusions based on scientific evidence. This research is considered as a/an _______ study. 1. management 2. intuitive 3. cause-and-effect 4. systematic 9. The work of _________ has enhanced people’s understanding of differences in fundamental values, attitudes and behaviour among people in different countries and within different organisations. 1. psychologists 2. criminologists 3. anthropologists 4. social scientists 10. ________.has contributed to organisational behaviour through its studies of group behaviour in organisations. 1. Criminology 2. Psychology 3. Sociology 4. Anthropology 11. Although Billy lives in South Africa he wears a watch made in Switzerland, drives a car made in Japan and uses a computer with a microchip that comes from Taiwan. This statement relates to _________. 1. consumerism 2. foreign agreement 3. tourism 4. globalisation S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 12. In the current dynamic workplace, successful organisations need employees who will do more than their usual job duties – who will provide performance beyond expectations. This statement exemplifies _________.behaviour. 1. positive 2. citizenship 3. collaborative 4. team-work 13. Dorothy is a manager in the department where Billy works. She likes Billy a lot; however, Billy is always seen chatting with other colleagues and not doing the work. Billy has not been reaching his performance targets in the last three months. During the performance review, Dorothy toys with the idea of whether to inflate or not inflate Billy’s performance evaluation to save his job. Dorothy is faced with ________ choice. 1. complex 2. ethical 3. political 4. managerial 14. Which of the following does NOT represent an attitude? 1. Job satisfaction. 2. Job involvement. 3. Job productivity. 4. Organisational commitment. 15. _________ argued that attitudes follow behaviour, while other researchers asked whether there was any relationship at all. 1. Festinger 2. Maslow 3. Hertzberg 4. Kelland S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 16. Discrepancies between attitude and behaviour tend to occur when ________ pressures to behave in a certain way hold exceptional power. 1. relationship 2. community 3. society 4. social 17. Evaluate the following statement: “I am going to join a trade union to protect my job”. This statement is an example of the ________ component of attitudes. 1. cognitive 2. affective 3. behavioural 4. general constructive 18. Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and behaviour; they do this to minimise _________. 1. attitude-behaviour discrepancy 2. cognitive dissonance 3. correspondence to behaviour 4. social pressures 19. One of the components of an attitude is _________. 1. cognitive component 2. consistency component 3. job involvement component 4. job satisfaction component S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 20. __________ comprises of a combination of organisational, occupational and other identities that shape the roles a person adopts and the corresponding ways the person behaves when performing his or her job. 1. Job engagement 2. Organisational commitment 3. Work-based identity 4. Work engagement 21. Which of the following refers to an individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with and enthusiasm for the work the individual does? 1. Employee engagement. 2. Organisational commitment. 3. Job satisfaction. 4. Job involvement. 22. Which of the following are identified as key elements when using the summation of job facets as a measure of job satisfaction? 1. Job elements, present pay and nature of the work. 2. Job processes, nature of the work and supervision. 3. Job elements, supervision and present pay. 4. Supervision, present pay and nature of the work. 23. Despite having expressed dissatisfaction with his work conditions, John has decided to stay with his current organisation. Hoping that the conditions will improve, he even speaks positively about the organisation. John’s response to his dissatisfaction indicates __________. 1. constructive-active-voice 2. destructive-active-loyalty 3. destructive-passive-voice S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4. constructive-passive-loyalty 24. Sarah has indicated that she is very dissatisfied with her job and has decided to reduce her effort in the job by extending her lunch time and making too many calls during office hours. Sarah’s response to her dissatisfaction indicates ___________. 1. constructive-active-voice 2. destructive-active-exit 3. destructive-passive-neglect 4. constructive-passive-loyalty 25. Research has shown that __________ is another individual factor that influences job satisfaction after job conditions. 1. personality 2. team-work 3. behaviour 4. loyalty 26. When Mlungisi went to a nightclub on Saturday dressed formally and fashionably, people thought it is strange; however, when the same people saw Mlungisi dressed in the same manner on Monday for a meeting they applauded him. This example demonstrates the influence of factors in the __________ on perception. 1. target 2. situation 3. perceiver 4. personality 27. People with loud voices are more likely to be noticed in a group than the quiet ones. This example demonstrates the influence of factors in the ___________ on perception. 1. target 2. perceiver 3. situation S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4. sounds 28. Experience and interest are examples of factors in the _________. 1. situation 2. target 3. receiver 4. perceiver 29. People tend to attribute certain behaviour to a particular situation. This causation refers to a(n) _________ caused behaviour. 1. distinctively 2. externally 3. internally 4. consensus 30. People engage in __________ because they cannot observe everything going on about them. 1. halo effect 2. self-serving bias 3. selective perception 4. fundamental attribution error 31. _________ refers to whether an individual displays different behaviour in different situations. 1. Distinctiveness 2. Consensus 3. Attribution theory 4. Self-serving bias S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 32. When using shortcuts, __________ is operating when our general views about someone contaminates our specific ones. 1. contamination 2. halo effect 3. contrast effect 4. stereotyping 33. In the work interview, Sarah was considered to be a better candidate because she was preceded by Bandi, who was evaluated as a mediocre candidate. Interviewers allowed __________ to operate in their evaluation of the two candidates. 1. attribution effect 2. stereotyping 3. contrast effect 4. halo effect 34. The Pygmalion effect works similar to _________ because they both describe how an individual’s behaviour is determined by others’ expectations. 1. fundamental attribution error 2. self-serving bias 3. bounded reality 4. self-fulfilling prophecy 35. _________ decision making relies on links between disparate pieces of information, occurs outside conscious thought and usually engages the emotions. 1. Emotional 2. Confirmation 3. Rational 4. Intuitive S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 36. _________ bias reduces our ability to learn from the past, lets us think we are better predictors than we are and can make us falsely confident. 1. Availability 2. Overconfidence 3. Hindsight 4. Confirmation 37. Which of the following is an ethical decision criterion consistent with goals such as efficiency, productivity and high profits? 1. Equitable distribution. 2. Utilitarianism. 3. Fundamental liberties and privileges. 4. Justice. 38. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory received criticism because other researchers believe that it lacks ________. 1. confirmation 2. reliability 3. cultural consistency 4. validity 39. Which of the following is NOT an idea proposed in McGregor’s Theory Y? 1. Employees dislike responsibility 2. Participative decision making. 3. Good group relations. 4. Responsible and challenging work. 40. __________ theory was concerned mainly with wellbeing at work and advocated more caring and humanity in the workplace. 1. McClelland’s S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 2. Frederick’s 3. Herzberg’s 4. Maslow’s 41. __________ theory holds that managers should influence the goals of their employees, assist managers to implement unique approaches to motivating employees, providing feedback and rewards. 1. Alderfer’s 2. McClelland’s 3. Maslow’s 4. Herzberg’s 42. __________ theory proposes that people are driven by a need for autonomy and seek ways to achieve competence and positive connection with others. 1. Cognitive-evaluation 2. Self-determination 3. Alderfer’s 4. McGregor’s 43. Meme says that her main reason for pursuing her career goal of becoming a regional sales manager is based on her intrinsic motivation of autonomy and meaning that she attaches to her sales job. Meme’s reason for pursuing her career goal aligns with the concept of ___________. 1. self-determination 2. job satisfaction 3. goal-setting 4. self-concordance 44. When Busi comes to work, she becomes completely absorbed in her job and her thoughts and behaviour are all directed toward client care. This example is an illustration of the construct of __________. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 1. job engagement 2. job satisfaction 3. self-concordance 4. self-efficacy 45. Which of the following is necessary for goal commitment to occur? 1. Individual internal locus of control 2. Influence of others on the set goals 3. Goals must not be shared with others 4. Goals must be general rather than specific 46. _________ emphasises a participative setting of goals that are tangible, verifiable and measurable. 1. Goal commitment 2. Management by objectives 3. Self-efficacy theory 4. Social-learning theory 47. Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy refers to gaining relevant experience in the task or job? 1. Verbal persuasion. 2. Vicarious learning. 3. Enactive mastery. 4. Arousal. 48. Which of the following are considered important for increasing self-efficacy but are nevertheless absent in the theory of self-efficacy? 1. Personality and emotions . 2. Beliefs and intelligence. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: cleopatralatoyamaloma | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 3. Emotions and beliefs. 4. Intelligence and personality. 49. Which of the following is NOT a choice in equity theory when an employee perceives inequity? 1. Change output. 2. Change outcomes. 3. Leave the field. 4. Change inputs