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Sumario Tema 4 Biología 2ndo Bachiller

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Resumen detallado del tema 4 de biología 2ndo de bachillerato

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Institution
Secondary school
Study
Bachillerato
Course
School year
2

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Uploaded on
February 20, 2023
Number of pages
4
Written in
2022/2023
Type
Summary

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Tema 4
Las proteínas
● Las proteínas están formadas principalmente por C, H, O, N y S
● Las proteínas están formadas por aminoácidos que se unen mediante enlaces peptídicos


Clasificación

Oligoproteínas → menos de diez aminoácidos Holoproteínas → solo proteínas

Polipéptidos → más de diez aminoácidos Heteroproteínas → proteínas + grupos prostéticos


Aminoácidos
● Monómeros de las proteínas, que
contienen:
● Un grupo carboxilo
● Un grupo amino (NH2)
● Un grupo R
● Un átomo de hidrógeno



Aminoácidos no polares o R → cadena hidrocarbonada
hidrofóbicos (Valina)


Aminoácidos polares R → forman enlaces de H, solubles
sin carga en H20
(Glicina)


Aminoácidos polares con carga R → ácido (-COOH)
negativa (Ácido aspártico)




Aminoácidos polares con carga R → básico (-NH2)
positiva (Lisina)




Características

● Actividad óptica: debido a la asimetría del carbono 𝛼, las proteínas desvían el plano de luz hacia la derecha,
o hacia la izquierda (dextrógiras o levógiras)
● Anfóteros: en disoluciones acuosas se pueden comportar como ácidos o como bases
● COOH → COO- + H+
● NH2 + H+ → NH3+
● Esto origina una forma iónica dipolar, haciéndolas tener un efecto tampón
● Si se acidifica: COO- + H+ → COOH (al añadir protones)
● Si se basifica: NH2 + H+ → NH3+ (al perder protones)
● Esto ayuda a las disoluciones a mantener el punto isoeléctrico; el punto en el que la carga neta es 0
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