Summary detailed analysis of acids and bases

, A-11115813ASIS
(/D- a proton ( Ht) donor All acids ionise in water .
to
produce BAG[ '

a proton CH )
"
acceptor .
All bases form hydroxide ions COHT



hydronium ions CH >0+1 . when they dissociate / ionia in
aqueous solution


STRONG HAD -


ionises completely in an
aqueous solution .
( single arrows) .
STRONG BASE _




Dissociates almost completely in an equeous solution



Hsotcaq) )
Hclcaa, Hydrochloric eg Group hydroxides NaOH
acid
-

> U 1 metal
eg .
+
H2O cel +
Caa, . C Li OH , ,
KOH ,
Rb OH , Cs OH



HNO > can +
Hzoce)
>
Hsotcaa, + NO ] caal
-




Nitric acid WÉAK BASE _




Only dissociates Cor ionised partially in an aqueous solution



It 30
"
5042 Sulfuric acid Ammonia ( NH )) NH 4 NHGOH
-
>
Hzsocicaq) + 2h20 G) caq)
+
caal eg .
, or




AKA / / D- Only ionises partially in an
aqueous solution ( double arrows ) NH > cop + H2O (e)
<
> NH 4- coral
'
+ OH
_




Cag)

<


hydrogen
+

eg Hfcaa).
+ H2O 6) >
1-130 Cag )
-1 F- Cag ) Hydrofluoric acid eg . Metal carbonates ( Naxos) and Metal carbonates CLIHCO ])

<
Ethanoic acid [ vinegar ) A Monobasic base KOH)
-



CH ] COOH can + H2O 6) > Hsotcaq) + CHI COO can can accept one proton per molecule leg .




A Mono profit acid can donate one proton per molecule ceg.HU , HN Os ) A Dibasic base can accept two protons per molecule leg .ca (011-12)

A Poly pro tic acid can donate more than one
proton per molecule leg . Hz 504 )

-



Diprohi can donate two protons ceg Hasan.
|)) )) f) ( / AT / ON '


the splitting of an ionic compound into in ions ( single arrow)


""
Nat
_




NaOH is)
-




Trip otic can donate three protons leg . Hsp 04 ) eg .
>
caq )
+ OH Cag ) Sodium hydroxide
I
Don't show water as a reactant


/ON /SAT / ON -

the reaction of a molecular substance with wahe to produce ions
'
show charges S state symbol Caa) on the ions




STRENGTH -

refers to the ability of an acid to ionia or a base to dissociate or ionise CONDUCTIVITY -

Acids and bases conduct electricity due to the presence of free ions The .




CONCENTRATION -

refers to the amount of water present higher the concentration of free ions the higher the conductivity ,
therefore for
,




A CONCENTRATED acid or base contains a relatively small amount ol water solutions of equal concentrations strong acids or bases are more conductive .




A DILUTE acid or base contains a
relatively large amount ol water




CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIRS
When H+ The U
-




an acid donates a proton what ,
is left behind is known as the conjugate base eg.HU > + 6- ,
ion is left allow the acid has donated its proton


Note : A strong acid has a very weak conjugate base cg.cl
'



is the weak conjugate base at the strong acid CHAI i. it will not
readily accept a
proton since HU remains
fully ionized


' "
from the acid ' "
to find the conjugate base of a certain acid remove one H to find the conjugate acid of a certain base add one H from the base




AMPHOTERIC SUBSTANCE _


a substance mat can auras either an acid or a base ccs.H20.Hcoi.Hsoi.it

labelling conjugate acid-base pairs in a
proteolysis ( complete acid base reaction
-


involving the transfer of a proton ) reaction :




① ② Label donor )
Identify 2 pairs ( looks similar except for Ht ) the chemical species with more
hydrogens as the acid ( proton
pair I

- -




HCl + H2O > It got +
Ce
bz bi
ai a2
↳
acid + base acid + base
Tax