Lab 7: Testing and Analyzing Circuit Using Thévenin and Norton Theorems

Thévenin’s Theorem for DC circuits states that any two port linear network may be replaced by a single voltage source with an appropriate internal resistance. The Thévenin equivalent will produce the same load current and voltage as the original circuit to any load. Consequently, if many different loads or sub-circuits are under consideration, using a Thévenin equivalent usually proves to be a much quicker method of analysis. Any complex circuit consisting of multiple sources and components can be reduced to a single voltage source, the Thévenin voltage, in series with its internal resistance, the Thévenin resistance. The Thévenin voltage, VTH, is found by determining the open-circuit output voltage. The Thévenin resistance, RTH, is found by replacing any DC sources with their internal resistances and determining the resulting combined resistance as seen from the two ports using standard series-parallel analysis techniques. A voltage source would be replaced by a short, zero resistance, and a current source would be replaced by an open, infinite resistance. In the laboratory, the Thévenin resistance may be found using an ohmmeter (again, replacing the sources with their internal resistances) or by using the matched load technique. The matched load technique involves replacing the load with a variable resistance and then adjusting it until the load voltage is precisely one- half of the unloaded voltage. This would imply that the other half of the voltage must be dropped across the equivalent Thevenin resistance, and as the Thevenin circuit is a simple series loop then the two resistances must be equal as they have identical currents and voltages.