C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT

C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Alexia - Correct AnswerThe loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury. Apasia - Correct AnswerImpairs the ability to speak and understand others. Articulation - Correct AnswerThe act or manner of producing sounds. Echolalia - Correct AnswerImitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. Hyperlexia - Correct AnswerThe superior ability to reads words without comprehension. Lexicon - Correct AnswerAn inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia Otitis Media - Correct AnswerInflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. Receptive Language Disorder - Correct AnswerThe inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read. Expressive Language Disorder - Correct AnswerThe inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. Phonology - Correct AnswerSmallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t). Syntax - Correct AnswerThe grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. Semantics - Correct AnswerWord meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop Discourse - Correct AnswerWritten or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. Morphology - Correct AnswerThe smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words Pragmatics - Correct AnswerIncapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes. Alphabetic Language - Correct AnswerA language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds. Alphabetic Principle - Correct AnswerThe use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling) Anglo Saxon - Correct AnswerThe language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066. Analytic Instruction - Correct AnswerInstruction that separates the whole into its parts to reveal its relationships. (Whole to Part) (Top Down) (Concept driven) Analytic Phonics - Correct AnswerStudents hear the whole word and segment into phonemes or sounds in order to spell. (whole to part) Ex: Pit = (p) (i) (t) Antonyms - Correct AnswerWords that are opposite in meaning. (semantics) Arbitrary Learning - Correct AnswerNew learning that has no logical connection to already acquired knowledge or practical relationships. Auditory - Correct Answerrelating to or experienced through hearing. Visual Acuity - Correct AnswerSharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision Bottom-up Process - Correct AnswerTheoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom) Concept Driven Process - Correct AnswerTheoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top-down process. (Whole to part) Cooperative Learning - Correct AnswerInstructional approach in which students work together rather than compete to solve a problem or complete a task.Ex: group work or PBL Corrective Feedback - Correct AnswerTeacher responses during and following practice of a skill that is sensitive to a student's level and that guides him or her closer to mastery. Cumulative - Correct AnswerHaving a new learning that is based upon previously learned elements. Ex: Building knowledge as we go. Diagnostic Teaching - Correct AnswerTeaching that uses observation and formal and informal assessments to measure student progress against expected performance standards. Systematic, guided diagnoses of academic barriers. (Prescriptive teaching) Direct Instruction - Correct AnswerInstruction that is delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no question as to the meaning. (Explicit Instruction) Domains of Language - Correct AnswerLanguage systems. Phonology, syntax, morphology and orthography are language systems that deal with the form of language. Semantics deals with content of lang. and pragmatics deals with the use of lang. Embedded Phonics - Correct AnswerPhonological awareness and phonics taught implicitly through the reading of real words in text. (whole language) Etymology - Correct AnswerThe history of word origins and development. Euphony - Correct AnswerPleasing to the ear. Having a pleasing sound. Ex: illogical; not inlogical. (Chameleon Prefix) Explicit Instruction - Correct AnswerInstruction delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no questions as to the meaning. (Direct Instruction) Fernald Method - Correct AnswerTechnique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. EX: The student looks at the word while saying and tracing it. Figurative Language - Correct AnswerLanguage that avoids the use of the exact meaning of words and uses exaggeration, metaphors and embellishments. Greek - Correct AnswerThe language of the ancient Greeks whose morphemes form scientific terms. Guided Discovery - Correct AnswerManner of presenting new material or concepts so that they can be deduced or guided by the students. EX: self discovery, What do you notice? in pass, sass, tass Homographs - Correct AnswerWords that have different meanings but share the same spelling. Pronunciations may be same or different. (duck, duck) (bow, bow) Homonyms - Correct AnswerWords that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat)(sale, sail) Homophones - Correct AnswerWords that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too) Idioms - Correct Answeran expression having a meaning that cannot be derived from the meanings of the elements. EX: Take the bull by the horns does not mean what the words say. Implicit Instruction - Correct AnswerInstruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction. Latin - Correct AnswerThe language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived. Linguistic - Correct AnswerDenoting language processing and language structure. Linguistics - Correct AnswerStudy of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language. Logographic Writing System - Correct AnswerA system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound. Metaphor - Correct AnswerA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea. Multiple Meanings - Correct AnswerDifferent meanings for the same word. EX: homographs Polygot - Correct AnswerA language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages. Prefix - Correct AnswerA letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning. Rapid Automatized Naming - Correct AnswerThe rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) Simile - Correct AnswerAn explicit comparison of two unlike things, usually with the word like or as. Ex: (as busy as a bee) Suffix - Correct AnswerA letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change its meaning. Synonyms - Correct AnswerWords with similar meanings. (semantics) Syntax - Correct AnswerThe system by which words may be ordered in phrases and sentences; sentence structure;grammar. Synthetic Instruction - Correct AnswerInstruction or a process that begins with the parts and builds to the whole. (part to whole) (bottom-up) (text driven) Synthetic Phonics - Correct AnswerInstruction that starts with individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word. Ex: i=(i);t=(t);p=(p);n=(n) use the parts to form a word. (tip) (nip) (tin) (it) Encoding - Correct AnswerSpelling Decoding - Correct AnswerReading Orthography - Correct AnswerCorrect spelling, correct writing for sound VAK - Correct AnswerVisual, Auditory, Knesthetic Initial - Correct AnswerFirst or beginning Medial - Correct AnswerEverything between first and last. Final - Correct AnswerLast or end Grapheme - Correct AnswerVisual shape or representation of a single letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound. Phoneme - Correct AnswerSpeech sound, separate sound units of spoken words. c=(c) a=(a) t=(t) Equivocal - Correct AnswerAmbiguous, uncertain, a letter that represents more than one sound or a sound that is spelled more than one way. Ex: (k) k, c // ck, k, ke, c Unequivocal - Correct AnswerClear, not doubtful, a letter that represents only one sound or is spelled only one way. Ex: (h) only one sound Discovery Method of Teaching - Correct AnswerSocratic teaching method of asking questions through guided discovery. Multisensory Learning - Correct AnswerUsing all learning modalities. (VAKT) Vowel - Correct AnswerOpen, voiced sound Consonant - Correct AnswerBlocked or partially blocked sound that is either voiced or unvoiced. Base Word - Correct AnswerSimplest form of an English word. Affix - Correct AnswerLetter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a base word to change its meaning or its use in the sentence. Auditory Memory - Correct AnswerAbility to remember sounds in sequence. Cognitive - Correct AnswerPertaining to the act or fact of knowing Digraph - Correct AnswerTwo letter that come together to make one sound Combination - Correct AnswerA pattern of letters that occur frequently together, the pronunciation of at least one of the letters is unexpected. Trigraph - Correct AnswerThree adjacent letters that make one sound Diphthong - Correct AnswerTwo vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds blend together in one syllable. Quadrigraph - Correct AnswerFour letters that make one sound Dieresis - Correct AnswerTwo dots placed over the letter (a) to indicate its pronunciation, when the (a) stands before an (r) in the accented combination (star), after (w) (watch) and (qu) (squash), and to indicate the continental pronuciation (father) Derivative - Correct AnswerA word made from another by adding a suffix or prefix Visual Memory - Correct AnswerAbility to retain the visual image of a two-dimensional symbol Co-morbidity - Correct AnswerThe coexistence of related disorders Congential - Correct AnswerExisting at or dating from birth Content Processor - Correct AnswerOne of four interactive processors that serve as a model for how the reading system works. Processes the construction of the content with input from the phonological, orthographic and meaning processors. Double Deficit - Correct AnswerDeficit in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Dyslexia - Correct AnswerA specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin and is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling and decoding abilities. Deficit in the phonological component of language. Learning Disabilities - Correct AnswerA generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities or social skills. Due to central nervous system dysfunction. Meaning Processor - Correct AnswerProcesses knowledge of word meanings. Neuroimaging - Correct AnswerDiagnostic method of viewing brain structures and activity through the use of nuclear technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuropsychology - Correct AnswerA science that integrates psychological observations of behavior and mind with the observations of the brain Orthographic Processor - Correct AnswerProcesses the perception of letter sequences Phonological Processing - Correct AnswerPerception, interpretation, recall and production of language at the level of the speech sound system. Phonological Processor - Correct AnswerProcesses the mapping of letters to their spoken equivalents. Word Blindness - Correct AnswerTerm used in the late 19th and early 20th century for dyslexia. Hinchelwood coined the term. ADHD - Correct AnswerShort attention span, hyperactive motor behavior, impulsive or poor impulse control, inattentive, does not finish things, fails to heed instructions, low frustration tolerance, difficulty completing tasks, restless, talks excessively, immature social behavior, fidget, etc. Dyscalculia - Correct AnswerFailure to learn quantity concepts, number symbols and manipulation of number symbols. Dysgraphia - Correct AnswerDifficulty in learning handwriting despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, etc. and difficulty in putting thoughts on paper. Dysnomia - Correct AnswerDifficulty in word finding. Ex: Can't find the word quick enough, whats that thing, that thing over there, that Dysphasia - Correct AnswerLoss of ability to use or understand language due to a brain injury or disease. Motor System Disorder - Correct AnswerIncoordination and clumsiness. Oral Language Disorder - Correct AnswerExpressive language delay-expressing spoken language. Receptive language delay- delay in understanding spoken language. Accommodations - Correct AnswerChanges within the general classroom to enable students to keep up with the education program, such as intensive instruction, reduced assignments, adapted test procedures, use of computers, calculators and tape recorders. Achievement Tests - Correct AnswerA test of the student's academic achievement. Anecdotal Information - Correct AnswerInformation gathered related to observation of behavior or characteristics. Ex: scratching eyes, shaking hands Curriculum Referenced Tests - Correct AnswerTest in which items are taken from the curriculum used in the child's classroom so that he or she is not tested on material that have not been taught. May be standardized or informal. Diagnosis - Correct AnswerThe act, process, or result of identifying the nature of a disorder or disability through observation and examination. Formal Testing - Correct AnswerTests that are standardized using a carefully selected sample of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. Must be administered and scored by measures prescribed in a manual Informal Testing - Correct AnswerTests that are structured but not standardized. Ex: classroom tests. They can be modified. Interdisciplinary Evaluation - Correct AnswerA thorough evaluation conducted by a team of specialists to determine the exact learning needs of a student and to propose an appropriate educational plan. Modifications - Correct AnswerA term used to refer to changes in how an alternate assessment is administered. Ex: 10 spelling words instead of 20. Norm Referenced Tests - Correct AnswerAssessment of performance in relation to that of the norm group used in the standardization of the test. A standardized test that compares scores between a student and other children of the same age or grade level. Percentile Rank - Correct AnswerHow a student is achieving in comparison to the normative sample. Ex: Same for a child in CA as a child in NJ. Performance Assessment - Correct Answeran assessment that is used to demonstrate competency. Reliability - Correct AnswerConsistency with which an assessment instrument measures information. Rubric - Correct AnswerDetails the criteria used for scoring. Running Record - Correct AnswerPart of an informal reading assessment that identifies a student's error patterns and fluency Screening/Indicator - Correct AnswerAn assessment that is giving to identify students at risk for reading difficulties. EX: QPS Standard Deviation - Correct AnswerThe average variability of scores around the group mean. (bell curve) Standardized Tests - Correct AnswerTests that carefully selected samples of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. EX: STAAR (same words, same room, same time, same season,etc) Summative Assessment - Correct AnswerAn assessment that measures knowledge that has been gained. (Progress over the whole year or semester) Validity - Correct AnswerA statistical accuracy of an assessment instrument when compared to another assessment instrument. Criterion Referenced Tests - Correct AnswerTeacher made or assess a particular curriculum. Stanines - Correct AnswerProvide a single-digit scoring system with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. The scores are expressed as whole numbers from 1 to 9. Accent - Correct AnswerStress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. Accuracy - Correct AnswerFreedom from mistake or error Bound Morpheme - Correct AnswerA morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes. Ex: ed in landed, s in pits, pre in preview Breve - Correct AnswerA diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable, in which at least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable. Chameleon Prefix - Correct AnswerA prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the root. (in changes to ir before regular; irregular) Closed Syllable - Correct AnswerA syllable that ends in at least one consonant after one vowel. The vowel is short (pet, list, cusp) Combining Forms - Correct AnswerA root with which other roots and/or affixes may be combined to for compound words or derivatives (Usually Greek in origin (auto, bio, hemi)) Consonant le syllable - Correct AnswerA syllable in a final position of a word that ends in a consonant and le. Also known as final stable syllables. Fluency - Correct AnswerTranslation of print to speech with accuracy, speed, prosody and comprehension. Free Morpheme - Correct AnswerA morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word. Also called unbound morphemes. (pit, hand, shine) Heterogeneous Practice - Correct AnswerA spelling or reading practice session with more than one focus. Homogeneous Practice - Correct AnswerA spelling or reading practice in which every word contains the same pattern or rule that is the single focus of practice. Macron - Correct AnswerA diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a long sound. Monosyllable - Correct AnswerA word of one syllable containing one vowel sound Onset - Correct AnswerThe initial written or spoken single consonant or consonant cluster in a word. C= onset for cat. AT= rime Open Syllable - Correct AnswerA syllable ending with a vowel. (He, she, so) Phoneme Deletion - Correct AnswerA phonemic awareness task in which the student is presented with a word and is asked to say all of the sounds except one. (say cat without (c) Phonemic Awareness - Correct AnswerAwareness of the smallest unit of speech. (individual letters in a word). Prosody - Correct AnswerThe musical quality of language, including intonation, expression, stress, pitch, juncture, and rhythm. (Reading with expression) Rime - Correct AnswerThe written or spoken vowel and the final consonant in a syllable. (at in cat) Schwa - Correct AnswerA vowel sound in many lightly produced unaccented syllables in words of more than one syllable signified by "uh" and by an upside down e. Can be represented by any vowel.