PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2023 COMPLETE

PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2023 COMPLETE. Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of cellular fluid shifts. 8.The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is hydronephrosis. 9.Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called pleural effusion. 10.A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache. migraine 11.Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms? Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome) 12.It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of neural tube defects. 13.A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as comminuted. 14.What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease? Uremia 15.A 32-year-old female complaining of severe pain with menstruation and inability to participate in her routine household activities is likely experiencing dysmenorrhea. 16.A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience fever 17.Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg. 0-15 18.To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should avoid sun exposure. 19.What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission? Slower rate of action potential conduction 20.An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of premature ventricular complexes. 21.Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria? 128/82 22.Lusitropic impairment refers to impaired diastolic relaxation. 23.The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is oliguria. 24.The definitive treatment for cholecystitis is cholecystectomy. 25.It is true that scleroderma involves inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue. 26.When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is “If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated.” 27.Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by decreased secretion of erythropoietin. 28.A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience numbness and tingling in the extremities 29.The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ____and ineffective erythropoiesis. hemolysis 2 30.Absence of menstruation is called amenorrhea. 31.Causes of hypomagnesemia include chronic alcoholism 32.Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete? carbonic 33.A patient with pancreatitis may experience muscle cramps secondary to hypocalcemia. 34.The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO 2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO 3 – = 24 mEq/L demonstrates respiratory alkalosis 35.Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock? Crystalloids 36.A patient with flail chest will demonstrate outward chest movement on expiration. 37.What effect would adrenocortical insufficiency have on an individual’s response to surgical stress? More prone to hypotension 38.A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock. obstructive 39.Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis? The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years. 40.Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because they are deficient in active vitamin D. 41.Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of endorphins 42.Surgical removal of a gland may result in hyposecretion 43.Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 44.Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to blood or semen 45.Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are genetically transmitted 46.A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of hypertensive crisis 47.The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. TRUE 48.In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia). 49.Diabetes mellitus is the _leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the US. 7 50.A patient who reported a very painful sore throat 3 weeks ago is now diagnosed with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. When asked, “Why is my urine the color of coffee?”, the nurse responds “Your immune system was activated by your sore throat and has caused some damage in your kidneys that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine and make it coffee-colored.” 51.A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema 52.The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed nociception. 53.Glomerular disorders include nephrotic syndrome. 54.The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia. 55.Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of subarachnoid hemorrhage. 56.Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing acute tubular necrosis. 3 57.A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as goiter 58.The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of extrinsic pathway 59.Patients with acute pancreatitis are generally made NPO and may require continuous gastric suctioning in order to remove the usual stimuli for pancreatic secretion. 60.Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection? Cyanosis 61.Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma? Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 62.The most challenging aspect of treatment for chronic pancreatitis is pain control 63.The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. respiratory 64.Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of vitamin D 65.Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells? Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T 66.A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit pulmonary congestion with dyspnea 67.Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of Parkinson disease 68.A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of octreotide acetate. 69.The effects of excessive cortisol production include immune suppression. 70.Most muscle strains are caused by abnormal muscle contraction 71.Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ____shock. cardiogenic 72.The arterial oxygen content (CaO 2) for a patient with PaO 2 100 mm Hg, SaO 2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL. 19.4 73.Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage myasthenia gravis. 74.A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years. 4 and 7 75.A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is positive antinuclear antibodies. 76.Gouty arthritis is a complication of inadequate renal excretion of uric acid. 77.Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except pupil constriction. 78.A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because albumin is excreted in the urine. 79.Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt within the same dermatome 80.Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same patient. 81.When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow decreases 82.The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as subclinical. 83.The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called subluxation 84.Velocity of blood flow is measured in centimeters per second. 85.Most gallstones are composed of cholesterol. 86.Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by hypokalemia. 4 87.The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is serum creatinine. 88.The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is Escherichia coli. 89.Hyperaldosteronism causes ECV excess and hypokalemia. 90.A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) 91.The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called tophaceous gout 92.Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports sudden severe headache 93.Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate. mortality 94.The patient who requires the most careful monitoring for development of metabolic acidosis is a patient who has had diarrhea for over a week 95.Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum 96.Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they develop recurrent infections 97.Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be an autoimmune process 98.The most common types of uterine tumors are known as leiomyomas. 99.Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include acute hypertension 100.A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop respiratory alkalosis. 1.Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. 2.Pulse pressure is defined as systolic pressure – diastolic pressure 5.A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is increased carbonic acid. 6.A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis. False (resp alkalosis) 7.Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock? Septic 8.Respiratory acidosis is associated with increased carbonic acid. 9.Croup is characterized by a barking cough 10.A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with telangiectasia. 11.The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure. capillary osmotic 12.Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by recipient antibodies 13.The major cause of death from leukemic disease is infection 15.Mitral stenosis is associated with a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. 16.An example of an acyanotic heart defect is ventricular septal defect. 17.A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of mitral regurgitation. 18.After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of right-sided heart failure. 19.What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid? Infants 5 20.How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone– related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance? Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness 21.A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs platelet adhesion to injured tissue 22.Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV. 23.The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is digitalis. 24.Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. 25.How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema? By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure 26.In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with high cardiac output 27.After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of tertiary prevention. 28.Which causes vasoconstriction? Norepinephrine 29.Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by elevated bicarbonate ion concentration. 30.Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency? Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing 31.Peripheral edema is a result of venous thrombosis. 32.Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. liquefactive 33.While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding? Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease 34.Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of peripheral pooling of blood. 35.A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of vitamin K deficiency. 36. Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury? Systemic lupus erythematosus 37.What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia? CR is less than 5% blasts in marrow and normal CBC values. 38.In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing? Class II, Compensated Stage 39.Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person’s cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins. HLA or MHC 40. After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? Continue lifestyle modifications only 41.Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except allostasis. 42.All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except aldosterone. 43.The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of