PATHO 370 Test 1 Questions and Answers Complete 2023 - West Coast University

PATHO 370 Test 1 Questions and Answers Complete 2023 - West Coast University. All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except Selected Answer: c. aldosterone. Correct Answer: c. aldosterone. Response Feedback: Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. It does not affect blood glucose. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose. Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood glucose.  Question 2 0 out of 0.125 points The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is Selected Answer: c. Rb. Correct Answer: b. P53. Response Feedback: The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells involves P53. More than half of all types of human tumors lack functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling. Rb, DC, and APC are not the most common tumor-suppressor gene defects identified in cancer cells.  Question 3 0.125 out of 0.125 points Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. Selected Answer: d. liquefactive Correct Answer: d. liquefactive Response Feedback: Liquefactive necrosis is produced when brain tissue dies, as it is rich in enzymes and has little connective tissue. Coagulative necrosis occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue. Caseous necrosis occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis. Fat necrosis occurs in adipose (fat) tissue.  Question 4 0.125 out of 0.125 points Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is Selected Answer: b. cigarette smoking. Correct Answer: b. cigarette smoking. Response Feedback: The most likely contributing factor for the development of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of compounds, many of which have known genotoxicity and probably serve as initiators. Tobacco smoke also contains promoters, which spur the mutant cells to proliferate. Although a high-fat diet, urban pollutants, and a stressful lifestyle have been implicated in some types of cancer, they are not the likely contributing factor in your patient’s lung cancer.  Question 5 0.125 out of 0.125 points In general, with aging, organ size and function Selected Answer: a. decrease. Correct Answer: a. decrease. Response Feedback: In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.  Question 6 0.125 out of 0.125 points The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of Selected Answer: a. tumor necrosis factor. Correct Answer: a. tumor necrosis factor. Response Feedback: Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune cytokines is thought to be important in producing the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in cancer. Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels to feed the tumor; it is not a cause of the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer. Loss of ATP production and pain medications is not causes of the hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer.  Question 7 0.125 out of 0.125 points An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed Selected Answer: d. hypertrophy. Correct Answer: d. hypertrophy. Response Feedback: Increased function of an organ such as the heart or skeletal muscle results in organ hypertrophy because of cellular enlargement. Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ because of cellular shrinkage. Metaplasia refers to replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. Inflammation results from immune response rather than workload.  Question 8 0.125 out of 0.125 points The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as Selected Answer: c. subclinical. Correct Answer: c. subclinical. Response Feedback: The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.  Question 9 0.125 out of 0.125 points Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except Selected Answer: d. allostasis. Correct Answer: d. allostasis. Response Feedback: Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in response to stress. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.  Question 10 0.125 out of 0.125 points After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will Selected Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells. Correct Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells. Response Feedback: Chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cells. Chemotherapy does not selectively kill tumor cells, but affects all rapidly dividing cells. Chemotherapy has many damaging side effects. Immunotherapy uses the power of the immune system and has the potential for targeting cancer cells.  Question 11 0.125 out of 0.125 points A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of Selected Answer: c. primary prevention. Correct Answer: c. primary prevention. Response Feedback: Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.  Question 12 0.125 out of 0.125 points The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. Selected Answer: b. True Correct Answer: b. True Response Feedback: The sensitivity of any test refers to the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the condition and will not provide a false negative result. In contrast, specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given condition.  Question 13 0.125 out of 0.125 points Cancer grading is based on Selected Answer: c. cell differentiation. Correct Answer: c. cell differentiation. Response Grading refers to the histologic characterization of tumor cells and Feedback: is basically a determination of the degree of anaplasia (lack of differentiation). The other answer options are associated with tumor staging.  Question 14 0.125 out of 0.125 points Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except Selected Answer: c. pupil constriction. Correct Answer: c. pupil constriction. Response Feedback: Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release.  Question 15 0 out of 0.125 points Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including Selected Answer: b. hepatic cancer. Correct Answer: c. Burkitt lymphoma. Response Feedback: At least three retroviruses are thought to be causative factors in some human cancers: HIV Kaposi sarcoma, Epstein–Barr in Burkitt lymphoma, and human T-lymphocyte type I in T-cell leukemia– lymphoma. The other answer options are not associated with a retrovirus.  Question 16 0.125 out of 0.125 points An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of Selected Answer: b. secondary prevention. Correct Answer: b. secondary prevention. Response Feedback: Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as prescribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.  Question 17 0.125 out of 0.125 points After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor Selected Answer: d. is malignant. Correct Answer: d. is malignant. Response Feedback: Bronchial carcinoma is a malignant cancer of the epithelial lining of the bronchi. Carcinoma refers to a malignant tumor. Primary indicates that the cancer began in the lungs and did not metastasize from another site. A staging procedure must be done before knowing if the lung cancer has spread.  Question 18 0.125 out of 0.125 points Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular Selected Answer: a. death. Correct Answer: a. death. Response Feedback: Apoptosis results in death of a cell when it is no longer needed. Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ because of cellular shrinkage. Proliferation refers to growth of new cells. Mutation refers to alteration in the genetic structure of cellular DNA.  Question 19 0.125 out of 0.125 points Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except Selected Answer: d. decreased blood viscosity. Correct Answer: d. decreased blood viscosity. Response Feedback: Hypothermia causes increased blood viscosity, which can result in ischemic injury. Initial vasoconstriction causes ischemic injury. Rebound vasodilation leads to intense swelling which damages peripheral nerves. Crystallization of cellular components leads to rupture of these components.  Question 20 0.125 out of 0.125 points When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic Selected Answer: a. True Correct Answer: a. True Response Feedback: Many diseases are idiopathic in nature.  Question 21 0.125 out of 0.125 points A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? Selected Answer: c. “Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.” Correct Answer: c. “Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.” Response Feedback: Lung cancer has a 15% survival rate. Lung cancer is not always fatal, but is not highly curable at any stage of diagnosis. The death rate from lung cancer has increased dramatically.  Question 22 0.125 out of 0.125 points Allostasis is best defined as Selected Answer: c. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. Correct Answer: c. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. Response Feedback: Allostasis refers to the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.