ATPL PRINCIPLES of FLIGHT

ATPL PRINCIPLES of FLIGHT. 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 1 021 01 Airframes & Systems Fuselage, Wings & Stabilising Surfaces 021 01 05 Landing Gear 021 01 06 Flight Controls 021 01 07 Hydraulics Air Systems & Air Conditioning 021 01 10 Anti-icing & De-icing 021 01 11 Fuel Systems 021 04 00 Emergency Equipment 3 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 2 021 02 Electrics – Electronics 021 02 01 Direct Current 021 02 02 Alternating Current 021 02 05 Basic Radio Propagation. 4 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 3 021 00 Powerplant 021 03 01 Piston Engines 021 03 02 Gas Turbines 5 020 Aircraft General Knowledge 4 022 Instrumentation 022 01 Flight Instruments 022 03 Warning & Recording 022 02 Automatic Flight Control 022 04 Power Plant & System Monitoring Instruments 6 030 Flight Performance & Planning 1 031 Mass & Balance 032 Performance 7 030 Flight Performance & Planning 2 033 Flight Planning & Monitoring 8 040 Human Performance & Limitations 040 9 050 Meteorology 050 10 060 Navigation 1 061 General Navigation 11 060 Navigation 2 062 Radio Navigation 12 070 Operational Procedures 070 13 080 Principles of Flight 080 14 090 Communications 091 VFR Communications 092 IFR Communications v Contents OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 THE ATMOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 BASIC AERODYNAMIC THEORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 SUBSONIC AIRFLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 LIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 STALLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 HIGH LIFT DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 AIRFRAME CONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 STABILITY and CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 FLIGHT MECHANICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 HIGH SPEED FLIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 WINDSHEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 PROPELLERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503 REVISION QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525 vi Introduction PRINCIPLES of FLIGHT AEROPLANES 1 Overview and Definitions Chapter 1 CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS Contents OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 GENERAL DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 LIST OF SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2 Chapter 1 Overview and Definitions 3 Overview and Definitions Chapter 1 OVERVIEW The primary requirements of an aircraft are as follows:  A wing to generate a lift force.  A fuselage to house the payload.  Tail surfaces to add stability.  Control surfaces to change the direction of flight and,  Engines to make it go forward. The process of lift generation is fairly straightforward and easy to understand. Over the years aircraft designers, aerodynamicists and structural engineers have refined the basics and by subtle changes of shape and configuration have made maximum use of the current understanding of the physical properties of air to produce aircraft best suited to a particular role. Aircraft come in different shapes and sizes, usually, each designed for a specific task. All aircraft share certain features, but to obtain the performance required by the operator the designer will configure each type of aeroplane in a specific way. As can be seen from the illustrations on the facing page, the position of the features shared by all types of aircraft - i.e. wings, fuselage, tail surfaces and engines varies from type to type. Why are wing plan shapes different? Why are wings mounted sometimes on top of the fuselage instead of the bottom? Why are wings mounted in that position and at that angle? Why is the horizontal stabiliser mounted sometimes high on top of the fin rather than on either side of the rear fuselage? Every feature has a purpose and is never included merely for reasons of style.