EMT cardiology FISDAP study guide with complete solutions

EMT cardiology FISDAP study guide with complete solutions Septum Divides the right and left chambers of the heart superior vena cava transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the right atrium of the heart inferior vena cava carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium of the heart right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs tricuspid valve valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle pulmonary artery Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from the body mitral (bicuspid) valve valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. SA node pacemaker of the heart, where normal electrical impulses begin AV node region where electrical impulse in the heart is slowed to allow blood time to pass from the atria to the ventricles sympathetic nervous system flight or fight; speeds heart rate, dilates blood vessels in muscle, increases respiratory speed and depth, constricts blood vessels in digestive system parasympathetic feed and breed; slows heart & respiratory rate, constricts blood vessels in muscles, dilates blood vessels in digestive system cardiac output heart rate x stroke volume stroke volume The amount of blood ejected from the heart with each ventricular contraction. blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Ischemia an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, for this chapter to the heart muscles. Atherosclerosis condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries thromboembolism A blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream. acute myocardial infarction A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. Also called a heart attack. acute coronary syndrome A term used to describe a group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina and myocardial infarction. angina pectoris when the heart's need for oxygen exceeds its supply, usually during periods of physical or emotional stress where the heart is working hard tachycardia >100 bpm Bradycardia <60 bpm Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) abnormal heart rhythm which results in quivering of ventricles SHOCKABLE Ventricular tachycardia a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles (150- 200bpm) can deteriorate into v fib asystole absence of all heart electrical activity cardiogenic shock the heart lacks the power to force proper volume of blood through circulatory system cardiogenic shock signs/symptoms anxiety; pale, cool, clammy skin; high pulse rate; rapid shallow breathing; nausea/vomiting Cardiogenic shock treatment semifowler, oxygen, assist ventilations (if needed), blankets, prompt transport to ED congestive heart failure (CHF) ventricular heart muscle is permanently damaged and can no longer keep up with the return flow of blood from the atria, leads to left ventricle failure left ventricular failure fluid and blood back into the lungs leading to pulmonary edema; frothy sputum and dyspnea right heart damage dependent edema (fluid in the lower limbs) Hypertension systolic 140mmHg+ or diastolic 90mmHg+ Hypertension emergency systolic 180mmHg+ or rapid rise in systolic BP; headache; strong bounding pulse, ringing in ears, nausea, altered mental status Hypertensive emergency treatment elevate head, rapid transport aortic aneurysm A weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture. Bulges. dissecting aneurysm inner layers of the aorta become separated, allowing for blood flow between the layers (hypertension is primary cause) dissecting aneurysm signs/symptoms abrupt onset of pain with no additional symptoms, sharp/tearing pain, pain level is maximal from onset and does not abate; pain felt in back, possibly between shoulders; blood pressure discrepancy between arms, decrease in femoral or carotid pulse chest pain + pulse ox of less than 94% administer oxygen at 4L/min via nasal cannula worsening of condition nonrebreathing mask 15L/min Inadequate breathing or no breathing BVM 100% oxygen Pulmonary Edema positive pressure ventilation BVM or CPAP CHF breathing assistance with CPAP asprin dose 4 baby asprin, 81mg each, 324 mg total Nitroglycerin contraindication ED medicine (viagra, cialis) Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Stroke interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the lack of brain function ABC's, high flow O2, continuous talk, fast transport Ischemic stroke when blood flow is stopped by a blood clot inside a blood vessel thrombosis or embolus hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed Hemorrhagic stroke can be caused by high BP over many years, aneurysm transient ischemic attack temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain; mini stroke Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale Facial droop, arm drift, speech Los AngelesPrehospital Stroke Screen facial smile/grimace, arm strength, grip strength