EMT FISDAP Cardiology Exam with answers

Which intervention or interventions would have the MOST positive impact on the cardiac arrest patient's outcome? Early CPR and defibrillation The AED gives "no shock" message to a patient who is in cardiac arrest. You should: Resume chest compressions 00:30 01:34 What is the maximum amount of time that should be spent checking for spontaneous breathing in an unresponsive child? 10 seconds When performing CPR on an adult, you should compress the chest to a depth of ___ at a rate of ___. 2.0-2.4 in, 100-150BPM What is the appropriate compression to ventilation ratio for adult two-rescuer CPR? 30:2 When checking for a pulse in an infant, which artery should you palpate? Brachial When performing CPR on an adult or child, you should reassess the patient for return of respirations/circulation every ____ minutes. 2 What is the preferred method of removing a foreign body in an unresponsive child? Chest compressions Cardiogenic shock is caused by: Inadequate function of the heart muscle Pericardial effusion Collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium Cardiac tamponade Occurs when blood leaks into the space between the pericardium and the pericardial sac Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade: Beck triad: the presence of jugular vein distention, muffled heart sounds, and a narrowing pulse pressure where the systolic and diastolic blood pressures start to merge. 00:01 01:34 Signs of cardiogenic shock: -Skin may be cool, clammy, and ashen -High BP -Rapid, shallow breathing -Weak, irregular pulse -Anxiety, nausea You arrive on scene to find a conscious 58YOF sitting up and reporting severe chest pain and SOB. She is anxious and "feels like she's going to die." Her skin is pale, cool, and clammy and her pulse is rapid, weak, and irregular. Her breathing is labored, with a RR of 28 breaths/min. Her SpO2 is 90%. Lung sounds show crackles in all fields, and BP is 92/60 mmHg. What is your differential diagnosis of the patient? Cardiogenic shock The heart is divided down the middle into left and right sides by the: Septum Which chamber of the heart receives incoming unoxygenated blood? Atrium Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood? Ventricles Normal electrical impulses begin in the: Sinoatrial (SA) node What characteristic allows a cardiac muscle cells to contract spontaneously without an external stimulus? Automaticity The sympathetic nervous system acts on the body by: -increasing HR and RR -constricting blood vessels in the muscles The parasympathetic nervous system acts on the body by: (directly opposes the sympathetic NS) -decreases HR and RR -constricts blood vessels in muscles Increased oxygen demand in a normal heart is supplied by ______ of the coronary arteries. Dilation The heart itself is supplied by blood through what vessels? Coronary vessels The iliac arteries descend into the: femoral arteries Which veins bring blood back to the right atrium? Venae cavae Systolic pressure is the: maximum pressure generated in the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle Pulses felt in the extremities are called: Peripheral pulses Pulses felt near the trunk of the body are called: Central pulses Decrease in blood flow to the heart is called: ischemia Disorder in which calcium an cholesterol build up and form a plaque inside the walls of the blood vessels is called: Athersclerosis Occlusion: Complete blockage of an artery A blood clot that floats through blood vessels until it reaches an area too narrow to pass, causing it to stop and block blood flow is called: Thromboembolism If a blockage occurs in a coronary artery, the condition is known as: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Acute Coronary Syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by: MI ACS can be caused by: 1. Angina pectoris 2. Acute myocardial infarction Angina is most often a symptom of: Athersclerotic coronary artery disease Angina occurs when: The heart's need for oxygen exceeds the supply Signs and symptoms of angina: -crushing, squeezing, "like somebody standing on their chest" -Usually felt in midportion of chest under sternum, can radiate to jaw, back, or epigastrum -Pain goes away after 3-8 min -Associated with SOB, nausea, vomiting Stable angina can be relieved with: rest, NTG, supplemental oxygen Unstable angina is characterized by: pain in the chest of coronary origin that stays regardless of rest/NTG/O2 Signs and symptoms of AMI: -sudden onset of weakness, nausea, sweating -chest pain, discomfort, or pressure that is either crushing or squeezing and doesn't change with each breath -Pain, discomfort, pressure in lower jaw, arms, back, abdomen, neck -irregular HR -Syncope Dysrythmia: Abnormal heart rhythm Tachycardia: HR of greater than 100 BPM Bradycardia: HR of less than 60 BPM Rapid heart rhythm, usually at a rate of 150-200BPM. Ventricular tachycardia Disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles. Ventricular defibrillation If a defibrillator is not immediately available for a patient in ventricular fibrillation, you should: Initiate CPR until an AED arrives If uncorrected, unstable VT or VF will lead to: Asystole A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid in the lungs/body. Congestive heart failure