WGU C107 Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide questions correctly answered

WGU C107 Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide questions correctly answeredEpi Means "outside" or "over" Peri Means "around" Endo Means "inside" Mysium Muscle Superior Above (or toward the head) Inferior Below (or toward the feet) Dorsal Back Ventral Front Superficial Toward or on the surface Deep Away from the surface Distal Farther from the trunk or origin Proximal Closer to the trunk or origin Medial Toward the midline Lateral Toward the side Anterior Toward the front (or toward the belly) Posterior Toward the rear (or toward the back) Oblique plane Divides the body at an angle. Sagittal plane Divides the body into left and right sections with a vertical plane that passes from the front to the rear Coronal plane A vertical plane that divides the body into the front and back sections Transverse plane Divides the body into top and bottom Dorsal cavities Cranial, Vertebral canal Ventral cavities Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic Cranial cavity Contains the brain and is enclosed by the skull. Vertebral canal Contains the spinal cord and is enclosed by the bones that compose the spinal column. Thoracic cavity Contains the lungs and heart and is enclosed by the ribcage. Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. Abdominal cavity Contains most of the digestive organs - the stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines - and some of urinary structures - the kidneys and ureters. The upper boundary is the diaphragm, and the lower boundary is the brim of the pelvis (a landmark on the pelvic bones). Pelvic cavity Contains the bladder, anus and reproductive organs and is enclosed by the pelvis. List the structural levels of the body from cell to organ system Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Identify the structures of the integumentary system and describe their functions. (See Modules 7 and 8.) ... List the layers of the skin. Three layers: 1) Epidermis 2) Dermis 3) Hypodermis What is the function of the epidermis layer of the skin? Protects Composed of many layers of flat epithelial cells., which slough off when newer cells from the dermis move up to the outer layer. Contains melanin (which protects the skins from UV radiation), keratin (a protein that waterproofs the skin), and sebum (oil) that decreases the chance of bacterial growth on the skin. Does not contain blood vessels What is the function of the dermis layer of the skin? Largest layer of the skin Contains blood vessels and sweat glands. Made out of collagen and elastin Most of the sensory reception occur here Responds to temperature changes! What is the function of the hypodermis layer of the skin? Connect integument to organs and muscles A fatty, cushiony layer - mostly adipose tissue, where medicine can be injected. Describe how the integumentary system responds to changes in temperature. Temperature changes are received by the sensory receptors in the dermis. If temperature is hot, blood vessels will vasodilate (open wider), and sweat glands activate If temperature is cold, blood vessels will vasoconstrict (shrink). What are the major structures within the skeletal system? Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons Describe the function of the structures of the skeletal system. Support and protection. Describe cartilage This structure in the skeletal system is responsible for lubrication and shock absorption. Describe the process of endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is the process by which growing cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton. What is the purpose of bone marrow? Leukocytes (white blood cells) of the immune system are produced in the red bone marrow. What is sarcolemma? The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. What is the function of Sarcolemma? Specialized for the conduction of an electrical signal (action potential), which triggers muscle contraction. What is Sarcomere? In this, the myofilaments are organized into parallel units; thick filaments of myosin are parallel to thin filaments of actin. What is the function of Sarcomere? Muscles contract because the proteins in the sarcomere slide with respect to one another causing myofibrils to shorten when the cell is provided with an appropriate signal. What is the name for the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell? Sarcoplasm What is sarcoplasmic reticulum? A network of membranous tubules inside skeletal muscle fibers. These networks of tubules surround each myofibril and are filled with fluid that has a high concentration of calcium. What is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum? A system of membrane-bound tubules that surrounds muscle fibrils, releasing calcium ions during contraction and absorbing them during relaxation. Describe T-tubules Unique to muscle cells, these structures are indentations of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell along the length of the muscle cell. They are filled with extracellular fluid. What is the function of T-tubules? These are important for conducting action potentials deep into the cell. With these tubules, the entire cell can be stimulated quickly and effectively. What are tendons? A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. What are ligaments? A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones to form joints. Stabilizes. Define Aponeurosis A broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones, or other muscles. Detail: When a muscle contracts, the force generated is transmitted through the attachment, which pulls on the bone to produce skeletal movement. What is the process of muscle contraction? The nervous system stimulates muscle contraction with the release of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine causes a pulse of calcium, which causes sarcomere (composed of myofibrils made of actin and myosin) movement and cell contraction. Describe a neuromuscular junction A chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. When a long threadlike extension of the neuron, called the nerve fiber or axon, reaches the muscle, it branches into a number of axon terminals, each of which forms junctions with the sarcolemma of a different muscle cell. These junctions are called neuromuscular (literally, "nerve-muscle") junctions