test questions psych

 One of the most commonly used social neuroscience techniques is known as functional magnetic resonance imaging. This technique detects ________ to determine which parts of the brain are active during certain activities. Selected Answer: a. blood flow Correct Answer: a. blood flow  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior? Selected Answer: d. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone) Correct Answer: d. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone)  Question 3 1 out of 1 points Research on ________ suggests it is ________ for people to assume that dispositions are the underlying causes of most behaviors. Selected Answer: b. the fundamental attribution error; common Correct Answer: b. the fundamental attribution error; common  Question 4 0 out of 1 points Which statement is most consistent with the beliefs of an individualist culture? Selected Answer: a. Live by the sword, die by the sword. Correct Answer: b. Different strokes for different folks.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points ________ molds animals and plants so that traits that enhance the probability of survival are passed on to subsequent generations. Selected Answer: a. Natural selection Correct Answer: a. Natural selection  Question 6 0 out of 1 points Pro-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ________, whereas anti-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ________. Selected Answer: d. fairness; diversity Correct Answer: a. diversity; fairness  Question 7 0 out of 1 points Which of the following methods is most clearly suited for testing whether construals exert a causal effect on game performance? Selected Answer: b. manipulating room temperature during the game Correct Answer: a. manipulating the name of a game  Question 8 1 out of 1 points A reader for American schoolchildren from the 1930s shows a little boy running, whereas a reader for Chinese children from the same time period shows a boy with his brother. What cultural difference does this highlight? Selected Answer: b. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships. Correct Answer: b. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points A stereotype is best characterized as a type of Selected Answer: a. sche ma. Correct Answer: a. sche ma.  Question 10 0 out of 1 points Tamara just bought a brand new purse. According to research on culture and social class in the United States, how is Tamara likely to respond when her best friend buys the same purse? Selected Answer: d. If Tamara is from the upper class, she is likely happy to share the similarity with her best friend. Correct Answer: c. If Tamara is from the middle class, she is likely disappointed that she is no longer unique.  Question 1 1 out of 1 points You are driving home from school and suddenly realize that you have not noticed anything you have driven past for the last few minutes. This experience of driving without paying attention to your route is an example of ________ processing. Selected Answer: d. automa tic Correct d. Answer: automa tic  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Which of the following scenarios is LEAST consistent with the fundamental attribution error? Selected Answer: c. When someone talks loudly to his or her friend on the bus, you think to yourself, “This person might be talking to someone who has a hearing problem.” Correct Answer: c. When someone talks loudly to his or her friend on the bus, you think to yourself, “This person might be talking to someone who has a hearing problem.”  Question 3 1 out of 1 points Pro-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ________, whereas anti-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ________. Selected Answer: a. diversity; fairness Correct Answer: a. diversity; fairness  Question 4 0 out of 1 points Studies that find that unprejudiced people can still show negative implicit attitudes toward people of different races highlight the importance of distinguishing between Selected Answer: d. stereotypes and schemas. Correct Answer: b. automatic and controlled processing.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Theory of mind is important for group living because it Selected Answer: d. can prevent misunderstandings that could lead to aggression or death. Correct Answer: d. can prevent misunderstandings that could lead to aggression or death.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Pat has listed ten things that describe who he is. The first three are “I am a son,” “I am fun when I am with my friends,” and “I am a manager.” Pat is most likely part of a(n) ________ culture. Selected Answer: b. interdepen dent Correct Answer: b. interdepen dent  Question 7 0 out of 1 points In the United States, a large luxury sedan is marketed by the slogan “Feel good about yourself. Drive a Lexmark.” According to broad generalizations surrounding the individualist-collectivist distinction, why might this slogan be LESS successful in Japan? Selected Answer: c. because people in Japan are less materialistic than Americans Correct Answer: b. because people in Japan tend not to base their selfworth on personal status  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior? Selected Answer: c. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone) Correct Answer: c. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone)  Question 9 1 out of 1 points “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” and “out of sight, out of mind” are both common sayings. A(n) ________ is most likely to conduct an experiment to identify the conditions or situations under which each of these assertions is accurate. Selected Answer: c. social psychologist Correct Answer: c. social psychologist  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Sandra thinks that smiling a lot during a job interview increases a person’s chances of getting a job offer. The main difference between Sandra’s folk theory and social psychological theories is that social psychological theories are Selected Answer: c. tested using the scientific method. Correct Answer: c. tested using the scientific method.  Question 1 0 out of 1 points A key difference between automatic processes and controlled processes is that automatic processes Selected Answer: d. do not influence behavior. Correct Answer: c. can operate in parallel.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points While boarding a plane, Doug feels fear when he notices another passenger sitting in his seat looking agitated, sweating profusely, and holding a backpack. In this situation, Doug’s Selected Answer: d. emotional reaction probably occurs before careful, systematic thought takes over. Correct Answer: d. emotional reaction probably occurs before careful, systematic thought takes over.  Question 3 1 out of 1 points ________ psychology stresses the fact that objects are perceived by active, usually unconscious, interpretations of what the object represents as a whole. Selected Answer: d. Gest alt Correct Answer: d. Gest alt  Question 4 1 out of 1 points What do the results of the “Milgram Experiment” and Darley and Batson’s “Good Samaritan” study have in common? Selected Answer: b. They both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior. Correct Answer: b. They both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior.  Question 5 0 out of 1 points You are driving home from school and suddenly realize that you have not noticed anything you have driven past for the last few minutes. This experience of driving without paying attention to your route is an example of ________ processing. Selected Answer: c. controll ed Correct Answer: b. automa tic  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Which of the following Supreme Court rulings was heavily influenced by social psychological research? Selected Answer: b. Brown v. Board of Education Correct Answer: b. Brown v. Board of Education  Question 7 0 out of 1 points Societies may differ from each other in many ways, but it is important to recognize that Selected Answer: c. people living within the same society tend to think and behave similarly. Correct Answer: d. there are also regional and subcultural differences within any large society.  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Social psychology can be defined as the ________ study of the ________ of individuals in social situations. Selected Answer: c. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors Correct Answer: c. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is a fundamental difference between individualist and collectivist cultures? Selected Answer: c. Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding. Correct Answer: c. Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior? Selected Answer: c. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone) Correct Answer: c. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone)  Question 1 0 out of 1 points Research in basic science aims to Selected Answer: a. solve real-world problems, without concern about understanding the phenomena in its own right. Correct Answer: b. understand a phenomenon in its own right without concern with real-world issues.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points What is one of the most important differences between correlational and experimental research designs? Selected Answer: a. Experiments use random assignment. Correct Answer: a. Experiments use random assignment.  Question 3 0 out of 1 points A researcher measures the galvanic skin response (GSR), or degree of sweating, of people holding a clear plastic jar containing a spider. She compares the GSRs of people with spider phobias with the GSRs of people without spider phobias. In this experiment, the galvanic skin response functions as the Selected Answer: b. independent variable. Correct Answer: d. dependent variable.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points A social psychologist finds a relationship between socioeconomic status and relationship satisfaction in married couples. This study most likely describes which type of research method? Selected Answer: b. correlatio nal Correct Answer: b. correlatio nal  Question 5 0 out of 1 points If a research group plans to conduct a survey poll about an upcoming presidential election in the United States, what is a best guess regarding the minimum percentage of all likely voters that will be needed to obtain a reasonably accurate estimation of voter opinion, assuming that a random sample is obtained? Selected Answer: c. 50 percent Correct Answer: a. 2 percent  Question 6 1 out of 1 points An institutional review board (IRB) has reviewed a study and determined that participating in the study will likely make the participants feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. Could the IRB allow the researchers to begin this study? Selected Answer: b. Yes; as long as participants are not overly harmed and the research has significant value. Correct Answer: b. Yes; as long as participants are not overly harmed and the research has significant value.  Question 7 0 out of 1 points It is very common for magazines to conduct surveys in which readers voluntarily fill out survey cards and mail the cards to the publisher. The main problem with conducting a survey in this manner is that Selected Answer: d. people are not truthful when filling out anonymous surveys. Correct Answer: a. people who respond to the survey are likely to be different from those who do not respond.  Question 8 0 out of 1 points In an experiment, the control condition Selected Answer: b. does not include a dependent variable. Correct Answer: d. is compared with the experimental condition.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Pooja conducts a study as part of her honors thesis in psychology and finds a surprising result. Before publishing the finding in a psychology journal, Pooja wants to be more confident that it did not happen by chance. What should Pooja consider doing? Selected Answer: b. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates Correct Answer: b. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates  Question 10 0 out of 1 points If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean? Selected Answer: a. There is a strong correlation between some measurement and what that measurement is supposed to predict. Correct Answer: b. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions.  Question 1 1 out of 1 points In her social psychology course, Maria learns that the more one is exposed to something, such as a song on the radio, the more one tends to like it. Maria thinks this so obvious and questions why she signed up for the class. What might Maria be displaying? Selected Answer: c. the hindsight bias Correct Answer: c. the hindsight bias  Question 2 1 out of 1 points A person volunteered to participate in an experiment but was not told anything about what the experiment involved until after it was finished. The failure to inform this person about the experiment violates which ethical principle in research? Selected Answer: a. informed consent Correct Answer: a. informed consent  Question 3 0 out of 1 points A social psychologist conducts an experiment and finds a statistically significant result. This means that the Selected Answer: c. experiment is very high in external validity. Correct Answer: a. probability of obtaining this finding by chance alone is less than some quantity.  Question 4 0 out of 1 points A hypothesis ________ , while a theory ________. Selected Answer: b. is not tested scientifically; is tested scientifically Correct Answer: d. is tested by a specific study; encompasses a body of related research  Question 5 0 out of 1 points Dr. Goldstein hopes to reveal that although some of the findings presented in her class may seem obvious, students would not have predicted them accurately. To do so, she asked her students to take a guess about the results of a study before describing the outcome. Many of the students’ predictions were wrong. Dr. Goldstein is demonstrating what to her students? Selected Answer: b. internal validity Correct Answer: d. the hindsight bias  Question 6 0 out of 1 points Social psychologists will often run pilot studies that are very similar to actual experiments that they intend to run later but that differ in that participants are used as consultants to check that the experiment instructions are understandable, that the scenarios are believable, and so forth. Running a pilot study such as this particularly helps to increase the ________ of an experiment. Selected Answer: d. external validity Correct Answer: c. internal validity  Question 7 0 out of 1 points In an experiment, a statistically significant result depends the most on which two factors? Selected Answer: b. the size of the difference between groups and the validity of the experiment Correct Answer: c. the size of the difference between groups and the number of cases on which it is based  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Experiments are the best research method for finding causal relationships between variables because they incorporate ________ and ________ into their design. Selected Answer: a. control conditions; random assignment Correct Answer: a. control conditions; random assignment  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Dr. Samanta is interested in how personality changes over adolescence. She enrolls a sample of ten-year-olds and follows them through age seventeen. This kind of study is known as a(n) ________ study. Selected d. Answer: longitudi nal Correct Answer: d. longitudi nal  Question 10 1 out of 1 points If a research group plans to conduct a survey poll about an upcoming presidential election in the United States, what is a best guess regarding the minimum percentage of all likely voters that will be needed to obtain a reasonably accurate estimation of voter opinion, assuming that a random sample is obtained? Selected Answer: b. 2 percen t Correct Answer: b. 2 percen t  Question 1 1 out of 1 points An institutional review board (IRB) has reviewed a study and determined that participating in the study will likely make the participants feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. Could the IRB allow the researchers to begin this study? Selected Answer: c. Yes; as long as participants are not overly harmed and the research has significant value. Correct Answer: c. Yes; as long as participants are not overly harmed and the research has significant value.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points The problem with self-selection in research is that Selected Answer: a. it makes causal interpretations difficult. Correct Answer: a. it makes causal interpretations difficult.  Question 3 1 out of 1 points A person volunteered to participate in an experiment but was not told anything about what the experiment involved until after it was finished. The failure to inform this person about the experiment violates which ethical principle in research? Selected Answer: a. informed consent Correct Answer: a. informed consent  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Pooja conducts a study as part of her honors thesis in psychology and finds a surprising result. Before publishing the finding in a psychology journal, Pooja wants to be more confident that it did not happen by chance. What should Pooja consider doing? Selected Answer: d. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates Correct Answer: d. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Random assignment is an important aspect of experiments because it Selected Answer: c. cancels out individual differences and reduces selection biases between conditions. Correct Answer: c. cancels out individual differences and reduces selection biases between conditions.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points When an experiment has poor internal validity, which of the following might be of concern? Selected Answer: a. It might be difficult to determine if the independent variable was what produced the result. Correct Answer: a. It might be difficult to determine if the independent variable was what produced the result.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by “going vegan.” You should not give the report of this survey much credence because Selected Answer: d. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not. Correct Answer: d. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not.  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Experiments are the best research method for finding causal relationships between variables because they incorporate ________ and ________ into their design. Selected Answer: b. control conditions; random assignment Correct Answer: b. control conditions; random assignment  Question 9 0 out of 1 points Which of the following would be an example of random sampling in a survey study designed to learn more about the student body at a particular college? Selected Answer: a. asking students to fill out a survey in a campus magazine and then mailing it to the investigators Correct Answer: b. tossing a coin to determine who will be surveyed from a list of all students enrolled  Question 10 1 out of 1 points High school seniors were given a test that is supposed to predict scholastic performance during the first year of college. When the results were analyzed, however, there was no correlation between the test scores and first-year performance. This is an example of poor Selected Answer: d. measurement validity. Correct Answer: d. measurement validity.  Question 1 1 out of 1 points A group of social psychologists are working on a research project with the aim of promoting condom use as a way to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. This type of research project is probably best described as ________ science. Selected Answer: a. appli ed Correct Answer: a. appli ed  Question 2 0 out of 1 points You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by “going vegan.” You should not give the report of this survey much credence because Selected Answer: d. readers were not properly assigned to control and experimental conditions. Correct Answer: a. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not.  Question 3 1 out of 1 points If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean? Selected Answer: a. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions. Correct Answer: a. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Which of the following research methods is the best way to identify a causal relationship between two variables? Selected Answer: b. experime ntal Correct Answer: b. experime ntal  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Experiments are the best research method for finding causal relationships between variables because they incorporate ________ and ________ into their design. Selected Answer: c. control conditions; random assignment Correct Answer: c. control conditions; random assignment  Question 6 0 out of 1 points Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship between variables? Selected Answer: b. + 0.8 Correct Answer: d. – 0.9  Question 7 1 out of 1 points As they walked down the street, participants (unaware they were part of a study) were approached by a confederate posing as a panhandler (i.e., a person begging for money). The confederate asked the participant for either seventy-five cents or for whatever change he or she had handy. The researchers compared how much money participants gave across these two conditions. This is best characterized as which type of research design? Selected Answer: b. a field experiment Correct Answer: b. a field experiment  Question 8 0 out of 1 points When an experiment has poor internal validity, which of the following might be of concern? Selected Answer: c. The results may not be practically significant. Correct Answer: a. It might be difficult to determine if the independent variable was what produced the result.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Pooja conducts a study as part of her honors thesis in psychology and finds a surprising result. Before publishing the finding in a psychology journal, Pooja wants to be more confident that it did not happen by chance. What should Pooja consider doing? Selected Answer: c. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates Correct Answer: c. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates  Question 10 0 out of 1 points A study shows that people who watch the local evening news believe the world is more dangerous than people who do not watch the evening news. On the basis of this study, a newspaper reporter concludes that watching the evening news causes people to believe the world is more dangerous than it actually is. This is a flawed conclusion because Selected Answer: d. one study does not provide enough evidence to make this type of conclusion. Correct Answer: a. it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship.  Question 1 1 out of 1 points An intervention is a(n) Selected Answer: a. effort to change a person’s behavior. Correct Answer: a. effort to change a person’s behavior.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points A researcher measures the galvanic skin response (GSR), or degree of sweating, of people holding a clear plastic jar containing a spider. She compares the GSRs of people with spider phobias with the GSRs of people without spider phobias. In this experiment, the galvanic skin response functions as the Selected Answer: a. dependent variable. Correct Answer: a. dependent variable.  Question 3 1 out of 1 points If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean? Selected Answer: c. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions. Correct Answer: c. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by “going vegan.” You should not give the report of this survey much credence because Selected Answer: d. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not. Correct Answer: d. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not.  Question 5 0 out of 1 points Experiments are different from other research methods in that they encompass which of the following components? Selected Answer: c. random sampling Correct Answer: b. random assignment  Question 6 0 out of 1 points When random sampling is used, it means that Selected d. Answer: participants are equally likely to be assigned to one condition or another. Correct Answer: b. every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points Random assignment is a crucial component of experiment design. Failing to use random assignment when placing participants into groups would have the strongest effect on the ________ of an experiment. Selected Answer: a. internal validity Correct Answer: a. internal validity  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is the best example of a correlational research study? Selected Answer: b. Researchers measured the association between participants’ blood pressures and their degrees of chronic stress. Correct Answer: b. Researchers measured the association between participants’ blood pressures and their degrees of chronic stress.  Question 9 0 out of 1 points Which of the following scatterplot graphs displays the strongest relationship between two variables? Selected Answer: c. Correct Answer: d.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points A social psychologist finds a relationship between socioeconomic status and relationship satisfaction in married couples. This study most likely describes which type of research method? Selected Answer: d. correlatio nal Correct Answer: d. correlatio nal  Question 1 1 out of 1 points The independent variable in an experiment is Selected Answer: b. manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome. Correct Answer: b. manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Which of the following would be an example of random sampling in a survey study designed to learn more about the student body at a particular college? Selected Answer: c. tossing a coin to determine who will be surveyed from a list of all students enrolled Correct Answer: c. tossing a coin to determine who will be surveyed from a list of all students enrolled  Question 3 0 out of 1 points Debriefing participants after an experiment is completed is always an important step in the experimental procedure. However, debriefing is particularly important when Selected Answer: d. an institutional review board has not reviewed the study. Correct Answer: b. deception is used.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is a limitation of correlational research? Selected Answer: b. We can never be sure about causality. Correct Answer: b. We can never be sure about causality.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Which of the following scatterplot graphs displays the strongest relationship between two variables? Selected Answer: b. Correct Answer: b.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points All of the following are examples of resources used in archival research EXCEPT Selected Answer: d. firsthand observations of behavior. Correct Answer: d. firsthand observations of behavior.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points A hypothesis ________ , while a theory ________. Selected Answer: a. is tested by a specific study; encompasses a body of related research Correct Answer: a. is tested by a specific study; encompasses a body of related research  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Dr. Goldstein hopes to reveal that although some of the findings presented in her class may seem obvious, students would not have predicted them accurately. To do so, she asked her students to take a guess about the results of a study before describing the outcome. Many of the students’ predictions were wrong. Dr. Goldstein is demonstrating what to her students? Selected Answer: d. the hindsight bias Correct Answer: d. the hindsight bias  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Pooja conducts a study as part of her honors thesis in psychology and finds a surprising result. Before publishing the finding in a psychology journal, Pooja wants to be more confident that it did not happen by chance. What should Pooja consider doing? Selected Answer: b. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates Correct Answer: b. rerunning the study to see if the result replicates  Question 10 1 out of 1 points You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by “going vegan.” You should not give the report of this survey much credence because Selected Answer: c. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not. Correct Answer: c. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not.  Question 1 1 out of 1 points Goffman’s idea of face refers to Selected Answer: c. who we want others to think we are. Correct Answer: c. who we want others to think we are.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Barbara just received a B on her test. She learns that one of her friends got an A on the same test, and another friend got a C. Later that night, Barbara tells her roommate that she did “really well” relative to other people in the class. According to social comparison theory, Barbara appears to have engaged in ________ comparison. Selected Answer: d. downwa rd Correct Answer: d. downwa rd  Question 3 1 out of 1 points The processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of their goals is called Selected Answer: a. selfregulation. Correct Answer: a. selfregulation.  Question 4 0 out of 1 points When our college football team wins, we are more likely to wear our school’s colors the following Monday and to use the pronoun we when describing the game-winning touchdown or goal. According to Abraham Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model, these behaviors illustrate how the process of ________ can be used to boost our self-esteem. Selected Answer: c. social comparison Correct Answer: d. reflection  Question 5 1 out of 1 points The “better-than-average” effect refers to the finding that people Selected Answer: d. tend to think that they are above average. Correct Answer: d. tend to think that they are above average.  Question 6 0 out of 1 points Luisa generally feels good about who she is. However, she just received a low grade on her chemistry midterm, so she is currently feeling bad about herself. Luisa has________ and ________. Selected Answer: a. a positive actual self; a negative ought self Correct Answer: b. high trait self-esteem; low state self-esteem  Question 7 0 out of 1 points According to Festinger’s social comparison theory, people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others. According to the theory, this process is most likely to occur when Selected Answer: b. the people around them have superior traits and abilities. Correct Answer: d. people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves.  Question 8 0 out of 1 points Although doing his job well is an important aspect of Jim’s selfconcept, he is just not good at his job. Correspondingly, he is starting to feel bad about himself. According to ________ , Jim will feel better about himself if he gets a new job that he is good at. Selected Answer: d. principle of self-handicapping Correct Answer: b. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem  Question 9 0 out of 1 points One implication of Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model is that Selected Answer: c. we are biased to believe that our friends’ self-concepts are similar to our own. Correct Answer: a. we should choose friends whom we outperform in domains relevant to our self-concept but who are talented in domains that are not relevant to the self.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Travis is trying to lose weight but loves eating chips. He avoids the chip aisle whenever he is at the grocery store. However, at his friend’s holiday party, there is a big bowl of chips on the table. According to Ayelet Fishbach’s research on automatic self-control, what is likely to happen when Travis notices the bowl of chips at the party? Selected Answer: a. He starts to think about his goal of losing weight. Correct Answer: a. He starts to think about his goal of losing weight.  Question 1 0 out of 1 points According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of selfesteem (Crocker and Wolfe, 2001), a person’s self-evaluations Selected Answer: d. are stable across situations and time. Correct Answer: c. depend on success and failure in important life domains.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points According to Festinger’s social comparison theory, people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others. According to the theory, this process is most likely to occur when Selected d. Answer: people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves. Correct Answer: d. people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves.  Question 3 0 out of 1 points Who is likely to be the most defensive about getting negative feedback on a class paper? Selected Answer: d. Maya, who has stable low selfesteem Correct Answer: a. Marta, who has unstable high self-esteem  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Looking ten years ahead, Lola dreams of being a celebrated writer. According to self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987), Lola is reflecting on her ________ self. Selected Answer: a. ide al Correct Answer: a. ide al  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Recall that Steve Heine and colleagues compared how Canadian and Japanese students responded to positive or negative feedback after taking a creativity test. After the feedback, participants took a second creativity test. Results showed that Selected Answer: a. Canadians worked longer on the second creativity test after receiving positive feedback than after receiving negative feedback. Correct Answer: a. Canadians worked longer on the second creativity test after receiving positive feedback than after receiving negative feedback.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Frank Sulloway’s research on the relationship between birth order and personality shows that Selected Answer: c. younger siblings tend to be more agreeable than older siblings. Correct Answer: c. younger siblings tend to be more agreeable than older siblings.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points Experimental evidence on self-discrepancy theory shows that being induced to think that your actual self resembles your ________ self increases ________. Selected Answer: d. ideal; sensitivity to positive outcomes Correct Answer: d. ideal; sensitivity to positive outcomes  Question 8 1 out of 1 points The part of our self-knowledge that is conscious to us at any given time is called the Selected Answer: d. working selfconcept. Correct Answer: d. working selfconcept.  Question 9 0 out of 1 points One implication of Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model is that Selected Answer: b. we can expect our good friends to help us succeed at anything because all of our successes reflect well on them. Correct Answer: a. we should choose friends whom we outperform in domains relevant to our self-concept but who are talented in domains that are not relevant to the self.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Research shows that state self-esteem can be influenced by Selected Answer: b. momentary mood states. Correct Answer: b. momentary mood states.  Question 1 0 out of 1 points Although Emil generally thinks of himself as both a good student and a good son, while visiting with his mom over the holidays he is thinking more about being a good son. That this good son aspect of his identity is more on his mind when he is with his mom illustrates the idea of Selected Answer: c. the ought self. Correct Answer: a. the working selfconcept.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points When our college football team wins, we are more likely to wear our school’s colors the following Monday and to use the pronoun we when describing the game-winning touchdown or goal. According to Abraham Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model, these behaviors illustrate how the process of ________ can be used to boost our self-esteem. Selected Answer: a. reflecti on Correct Answer: a. reflecti on  Question 3 0 out of 1 points Dan McAdams writes about and does research on the “narrated self,” which consists of Selected Answer: [None Given] Correct Answer: d. the story we tell about our social self.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Travis is trying to lose weight but loves eating chips. He avoids the chip aisle whenever he is at the grocery store. However, at his friend’s holiday party, there is a big bowl of chips on the table. According to Ayelet Fishbach’s research on automatic self-control, what is likely to happen when Travis notices the bowl of chips at the party? Selected Answer: b. He starts to think about his goal of losing weight. Correct Answer: b. He starts to think about his goal of losing weight.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Looking ten years ahead, Lola dreams of being a celebrated writer. According to self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987), Lola is reflecting on her ________ self. Selected Answer: b. ide al Correct Answer: b. ide al  Question 6 1 out of 1 points According to the sociometer hypothesis, Selected Answer: a. self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which people feel included or excluded by others. Correct Answer: a. self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which people feel included or excluded by others.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points Gene is given a questionnaire that has statements like these printed on it: “I take a positive view of myself” and “I feel that I have a number of good qualities.” He is asked to indicate how much he agrees with these kinds of statements. This questionnaire is meant to measure Gene’s Selected Answer: c. selfesteem. Correct Answer: c. selfesteem.  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Although doing his job well is an important aspect of Jim’s selfconcept, he is just not good at his job. Correspondingly, he is starting to feel bad about himself. According to ________ , Jim will feel better about himself if he gets a new job that he is good at. Selected Answer: c. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem Correct Answer: c. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Ji-Min thinks of herself as outgoing, a big sister, a runner, and intelligent. These are aspects of Ji-Min’s Selected Answer: c. selfschema. Correct Answer: c. selfschema.  Question 10 0 out of 1 points Jim tends to act in accordance with his internal inclinations, impulses, and dispositions. Also, he is not very attuned to the social context in which he finds himself. Thus, Jim would score ________ on a measure of ________. Selected Answer: d. high; selfhandicapping Correct Answer: a. low; selfmonitoring  Question 1 1 out of 1 points Research shows that state self-esteem can be influenced by Selected Answer: b. momentary mood states. Correct Answer: b. momentary mood states.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Bill has an older brother named Dan. Both Bill and Dan are physics professors. According to Frank Sulloway’s research on birth-order effects, Bill should Selected Answer: b. be more open to “off-the-wall” or “revolutionary” theories. Correct b. Answer: be more open to “off-the-wall” or “revolutionary” theories.  Question 3 0 out of 1 points Researchers have studied whether college students’ beliefs about their academic talents relate to self-esteem and well-being in college. Results show that students who ________ at the start of college experienced ________ in self-esteem and well-being over the following four years. Selected Answer: a. did not have self-enhancing beliefs; declines Correct Answer: d. had self-enhancing beliefs; declines  Question 4 0 out of 1 points Research on gender and the self-concept indicates that compared with men, women are more likely to Selected Answer: d. notice their own internal responses, such as increases in physiological arousal. Correct Answer: c. define themselves in terms of social characteristics and relationships.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Although doing his job well is an important aspect of Jim’s selfconcept, he is just not good at his job. Correspondingly, he is starting to feel bad about himself. According to ________ , Jim will feel better about himself if he gets a new job that he is good at. Selected Answer: d. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem Correct Answer: d. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem  Question 6 0 out of 1 points Recall that Steve Heine and colleagues compared how Canadian and Japanese students responded to positive or negative feedback after taking a creativity test. After the feedback, participants took a second creativity test. Results showed that Selected Answer: c. the Japanese worked longer on the second creativity test after receiving positive feedback than after receiving negative feedback. Correct Answer: d. Canadians worked longer on the second creativity test after receiving positive feedback than after receiving negative feedback.  Question 7 0 out of 1 points Adina has low self-esteem. She always feels uncomfortable in social situations. According to research on self-verification theory, with whom would Adina most likely choose to be friends? Selected Answer: d. Kevin, who told her she’s the coolest girl he knows Correct Answer: c. Mitchell, who told her she’s kind of awkward  Question 8 0 out of 1 points Self-schemas are Selected Answer: c. beliefs about the roles, obligations, and duties people assume in groups. Correct Answer: b. knowledge-based summaries of our beliefs and feelings about the self in particular domains.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Sara’s best friend just told her that she does not want to hang out any more. Sara’s self-esteem plummets. She then calls three other good friends to see if they want to get dinner together. They say yes and Sara feels better about herself. Sara’s feelings and behaviors reflect which psychological theory? Selected Answer: a. the sociometer hypothesis Correct Answer: a. the sociometer hypothesis  Question 10 0 out of 1 points According to self-verification theory, people with negative self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. In contrast, people with positive self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. Selected Answer: b. inaccurate; accurate Correct Answer: a. negative; positive  Question 1 1 out of 1 points According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of selfesteem (Crocker and Wolfe, 2001), a person’s self-evaluations Selected Answer: d. depend on success and failure in important life domains. Correct Answer: d. depend on success and failure in important life domains.  Question 2 0 out of 1 points Ji-Min thinks of herself as outgoing, a big sister, a runner, and intelligent. These are aspects of Ji-Min’s Selected Answer: c. selfesteem. Correct Answer: a. self- schema.  Question 3 1 out of 1 points Researchers have studied whether college students’ beliefs about their academic talents relate to self-esteem and well-being in college. Results show that students who ________ at the start of college experienced ________ in self-esteem and well-being over the following four years. Selected Answer: d. had self-enhancing beliefs; declines Correct Answer: d. had self-enhancing beliefs; declines  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Research shows that state self-esteem can be influenced by Selected Answer: d. momentary mood states. Correct Answer: d. momentary mood states.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Frank Sulloway’s research on the relationship between birth order and personality shows that Selected Answer: c. younger siblings tend to be more agreeable than older siblings. Correct Answer: c. younger siblings tend to be more agreeable than older siblings.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Barbara just received a B on her test. She learns that one of her friends got an A on the same test, and another friend got a C. Later that night, Barbara tells her roommate that she did “really well” relative to other people in the class. According to social comparison theory, Barbara appears to have engaged in ________ comparison. Selected Answer: b. downwa rd Correct Answer: b. downwa rd  Question 7 1 out of 1 points Experimental evidence on self-discrepancy theory shows that being induced to think that your actual self resembles your ________ self increases ________. Selected Answer: b. ideal; sensitivity to positive outcomes Correct Answer: b. ideal; sensitivity to positive outcomes  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Goffman’s idea of face refers to Selected Answer: a. who we want others to think we are. Correct Answer: a. who we want others to think we are.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Adina has low self-esteem. She always feels uncomfortable in social situations. According to research on self-verification theory, with whom would Adina most likely choose to be friends? Selected Answer: c. Mitchell, who told her she’s kind of awkward Correct c. Answer: Mitchell, who told her she’s kind of awkward  Question 10 1 out of 1 points When our college football team wins, we are more likely to wear our school’s colors the following Monday and to use the pronoun we when describing the game-winning touchdown or goal. According to Abraham Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model, these behaviors illustrate how the process of ________ can be used to boost our self-esteem. Selected Answer: d. reflecti on Correct Answer: d. reflecti on  Question 1 1 out of 1 points When judgments or decisions are influenced by the way in which information is presented, this is called a Selected Answer: a. framing effect. Correct Answer: a. framing effect.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Recall that Norbert Schwarz and colleagues conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ________ explanation. Selected Answer: a. ease of retrieval Correct Answer: a. ease of retrieval  Question 3 1 out of 1 points In which situation would someone be more likely to perform well on a test? Selected Answer: c. when a professor schema is activated Correct Answer: c. when a professor schema is activated  Question 4 0 out of 1 points According to construal level theory, if you are imagining working on your thesis in graduate school in several years, you are most likely to be thinking about Selected Answer: b. the specific details of how you will conduct the research. Correct Answer: c. the overall goal of how your thesis will help you to finish graduate school.  Question 5 0 out of 1 points Lauren is an attractive woman. She has large round eyes, a large forehead, high eyebrows, and a rounded small chin. When other people first meet Lauren, what are they likely to think about her? Selected Answer: d. That she is competent. Correct Answer: a. That she is naïve.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Ahmed went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked so many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Ahmed is displaying Selected d. Answer: the recency effect. Correct Answer: d. the recency effect.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is the best example of a positively framed statement? Selected Answer: b. This brand of condom has an overall 75 percent success rate. Correct Answer: b. This brand of condom has an overall 75 percent success rate.  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Jim watched a videotape of a woman talking about her life. Throughout the tape, the woman said many things that are stereotypical of a professor. She also said many things that are stereotypical of a waitress. Before watching the video, Jim was told that the woman was employed as a waitress. According to schema research, Jim will probably remember Selected Answer: b. more waitress-consistent information than professorconsistent information. Correct Answer: b. more waitress-consistent information than professorconsistent information.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points According to the textbook’s description of positive and negative framing, which of the following statements would be most likely to influence someone NOT to undergo a risky surgery? Selected Answer: b. Ten out of one hundred people who have this surgery die. Correct Answer: b. Ten out of one hundred people who have this surgery die.  Question 10 0 out of 1 points In her economics class, Nancy has been assigned to do a group project with Mario, someone she does not know well. Nancy’s friend Tia knows Mario from another class and tells Nancy about him. According to the primacy effect, Nancy will form the best impression of Mario if Tia describes him in which way? Selected Answer: a. critical, impulsive, stubborn, warm, industrious, intelligent Correct Answer: d. intelligent, industrious, warm, impulsive, critical, stubborn  Question 1 1 out of 1 points The phenomenon of ________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm. Selected Answer: b. pluralistic ignorance Correct Answer: b. pluralistic ignorance  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Because of the availability heuristic, people can be more likely to Selected Answer: c. overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters. Correct Answer: c. overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters.  Question 3 0 out of 1 points Luis has negative schemas about his looks and his intelligence. He believes he is unattractive and doubts his smarts. At school on Friday, Luis interacted with a few different people. Which of these interactions is Luis likely to remember the following week? Selected Answer: d. Luis’s friend told him she did poorly on the SATs. Correct Answer: b. Luis’s history teacher said his paper was not clear.  Question 4 0 out of 1 points You think of Jan as a very introverted person. The confirmation bias predicts that you will Selected Answer: c. be unlikely to form a strong relationship with her. Correct Answer: b. look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Top-down processing is most useful Selected Answer: d. in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge. Correct Answer: d. in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge.  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Recall that Norbert Schwarz and colleagues conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ________ explanation. Selected Answer: d. ease of retrieval Correct Answer: d. ease of retrieval  Question 7 1 out of 1 points According to the textbook’s description of positive and negative framing, which of the following statements would be most likely to influence someone NOT to undergo a risky surgery? Selected Answer: c. Ten out of one hundred people who have this surgery die. Correct Answer: c. Ten out of one hundred people who have this surgery die.  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Under what circumstances is someone more likely to fear victimization as a result of watching a lot of television? Selected Answer: c. if he or she lives in a highcrime area Correct Answer: c. if he or she lives in a highcrime area  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Because schemas have been shown to influence ________, participants who are told to watch a video of a basketball game and count the number of times people in white shirts pass the ball might completely miss seeing a person in a black gorilla suit walk through the game. Selected Answer: c. attenti on Correct Answer: c. attenti on  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lot of crime in Weston. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent news story about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she then tells Lola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the ________ heuristic. Selected Answer: a. availabili ty Correct Answer: a. availabili ty  Question 1 1 out of 1 points ________ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and ________ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations. Selected Answer: a. Bottom-up; topdown Correct Answer: a. Bottom-up; topdown  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Recall that the Chapmans studied how experienced clinical psychologists and college students would interpret individuals’ responses to the Draw-a-Person test, which often is used to diagnose psychiatric disorders. Results showed that ________ perceived illusory correlations between individuals’ mental disorders and their drawings. Selected Answer: c. both the students and the clinicians Correct Answer: c. both the students and the clinicians  Question 3 1 out of 1 points Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called Selected Answer: d. schem as. Correct Answer: d. schem as.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points When people form judgments about everyday events, the featurematching process usually Selected Answer: c. leads people to select the right schema to encode a given event. Correct Answer: c. leads people to select the right schema to encode a given event.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points The phenomenon of ________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm. Selected Answer: c. pluralistic ignorance Correct Answer: c. pluralistic ignorance  Question 6 1 out of 1 points You think of Jan as a very introverted person. The confirmation bias predicts that you will Selected Answer: d. look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan. Correct Answer: d. look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan.  Question 7 1 out of 1 points The planning fallacy refers to the tendency to Selected Answer: d. be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly you can complete a project. Correct Answer: d. be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly you can complete a project.  Question 8 0 out of 1 points Hedwig just met her friend’s new boyfriend and her initial impression wasn’t positive. He was so reserved; he barely talked at all. Hedwig then spends some time and energy thinking about all of the good things her friend has told her about him, and considers the fact that sometimes it takes a little while to feel comfortable around new people. She decides he is probably cool after all. In forming this new, positive impression of the boyfriend, Hedwig relied on Selected Answer: b. schema-driven processing. Correct Answer: c. the rational system.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Top-down processing is most useful Selected Answer: d. in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge. Correct Answer: d. in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Recall that Norbert Schwarz and colleagues conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ________ explanation. Selected Answer: d. ease of retrieval Correct Answer: d. ease of retrieval  Question 1 0 out of 1 points Liam, the photography editor of a national magazine, is looking through a series of pictures to find a model who seems strong and competent. Given research findings on physical appearance and snap judgments, Liam should select a model whose face has Selected Answer: c. a high forehead. Correct Answer: b. an angular chin.  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Recall that Norbert Schwarz and colleagues conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ________ explanation. Selected Answer: d. ease of retrieval Correct Answer: d. ease of retrieval  Question 3 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is the best example of a positively framed statement? Selected Answer: d. This brand of condom has an overall 75 percent success rate. Correct Answer: d. This brand of condom has an overall 75 percent success rate.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called Selected Answer: d. schem as. Correct Answer: d. schem as.  Question 5 1 out of 1 points People sometimes work together on a project and later decide who should get the most credit. According to research by Michael Ross, this decision often entails ________ one’s own contributions to joint projects. Moreover, this tendency arises from ________. Selected Answer: b. overestimating; the availability heuristic Correct Answer: b. overestimating; the availability heuristic  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ________ terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ________ terms. Selected Answer: b. abstract; concrete Correct Answer: b. abstract; concrete  Question 7 1 out of 1 points In 1992, Ross Perot asked voters, “Should the president have the line-item veto to eliminate waste?” Ninety-seven percent said yes. When the question was asked in more neutral terms—“Should the president have the line-item veto or not?”—only 57 percent agreed. This example best illustrates Selected Answer: b. spin framing. Correct Answer: b. spin framing.  Question 8 1 out of 1 points According to construal level theory, if you are imagining working on your thesis in graduate school in several years, you are most likely to be thinking about Selected Answer: a. the overall goal of how your thesis will help you to finish graduate school. Correct Answer: a. the overall goal of how your thesis will help you to finish graduate school.  Question 9 1 out of 1 points Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lot of crime in Weston. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent news story about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she then tells Lola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the ________ heuristic. Selected Answer: a. availabili ty Correct Answer: a. availabili ty  Question 10 1 out of 1 points When people form judgments about everyday events, the featurematching process usually Selected Answer: a. leads people to select the right schema to encode a given event. Correct Answer: a. leads people to select the right schema to encode a given event.  Question 1 0 out of 1 points Several mountain climbers were trapped on Mount Everest during a blinding snowstorm. Many climbers died on the mountain. One climber made it all the way back to base camp. Unfortunately, however, he collapsed and died mere yards away from the safety of his tent. Because this climber came so close to saving himself, ________ is particularly likely to occur in response to this climber’s death. Selected Answer: d. the fundamental attribution error Answers: a. discounting b. emotional amplification c. the correspondence bias d. the fundamental attribution error  Question 2 1 out of 1 points The ________ is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the behavior. Selected Answer: c. covariation principle Answers: a. explanatory theory b. attribution theory c. covariation principle d. consensus principle  Question 3 0 out of 1 points Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy’s quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when Selected Answer: d. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low. Answers: a. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high. b. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low. c. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low. d. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low.  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Kyle, a male student, and Megha, a female student, both failed their geography exams. According to research by Dweck and colleagues, Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ________, whereas Megha is likely to attribute her failure to her ________. Selected Answer: d. lack of effort; lack of ability Answers: a. parents; teachers b. lack of ability; lack of effort c. teachers; parents d. lack of effort; lack of ability  Question 5 1 out of 1 points According to Dan Gilbert, the first stage of the attributional process entails making ________ attributions that are ________. The second, adjustment, stage entails making ________ that are ________. Selected Answer: b. dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate Answers: a. situational; deliberate; dispositional attributions; automatic b. dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate c. temporary; subconscious; stable attributions; conscious d. defensive; self-enhancing; realistic attributions; deliberate  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Pat is a lower-class man who works at a tire factory for a living. When trying to make sense of why a coworker is late to work, Pat is likely to make which kind of attribution? Selected Answer: d. situationa l Answers: a. negative b. dispositio nal c. positive d. situationa l  Question 7 1 out of 1 points The ________ dimension of explanatory style considers whether the causes of a particular behavior will be present again in the future. Selected Answer: a. stable/unstab le Answers: a. stable/unstab le b. internal/exter nal c. positive/nega tive d. global/specifi c  Question 8 1 out of 1 points How does social class relate to causal attribution? Selected Answer: d. Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures. Answers: a. Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from independent cultures. b. Social class relates to causal attribution for Asians, but not for Westerners. c. Social class does not relate to causal attribution. d. Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures.  Question 9 0 out of 1 points Many people think that victims of domestic abuse and rape are responsible for their fates. This disturbing tendency is most closely related to Selected Answer: b. a pessimistic explanatory style. Answers: a. the just world hypothesis. b. a pessimistic explanatory style. c. the false consensus effect. d. the augmentation principle.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points At the last minute, Christine decided to try a new route to work. On her drive in, she hit a deep pothole, causing one of her car tires to go flat. Her decision to try a new route ________ the likelihood that she engaged in counterfactual thinking. Selected Answer: d. increased Answers: a. decreased b. eliminated c. had no effect on d. increased  Question 1 1 out of 1 points Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy’s quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when Selected Answer: b. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low. Answers: a. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low. b. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low. c. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high. d. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low.  Question 2 0 out of 1 points The Westlake Hills Little League team just lost a game. According to research on attribution biases, right after the game, the Westlake Hills coach is likely to say, Selected Answer: b. “You guys reall