WGU Biochemistry OA 2022/2023 Questions And Answers.

WGU Biochemistry OA 2022/2023 Questions And Answers. Bohr Effect chart (low pH) Ans - C- High CO2 H- High H+ A- Acidic R-Release of O2(rt. Shift) T- tense state (in tissues) Primary structure Ans - Sequence of amino acids that make up a protein Secondary Structure Ans - Sequence of amino acids fold. Tertiary Structure Ans - -more folding in a 3D shape. -R groups (side chains) Quaternary Structure Ans - Protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain. Chemical reaction Ans - -absorb and release energy -activation energy -energy is released (heat & light) when bonds are broken. Exothermic reaction Ans - Exo=to release Thermo=heat -chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (as heat & light) Example of exothermic reaction Ans - Cellular respiration- breaks down glucose to make cellular energy Endothermic reaction Ans - Endo=absorb Thermos=heat -absorbs more energy than it releases Example of endothermic reaction Ans - Photosynthesis- takes in light to break down to create glucose Catalyst Ans - Substance that will decrease the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Enzymes Ans - -catalysts used by cells -increase the rate of chemical reaction -specific to substrates Enzyme structure Ans - -they are proteins -twist, fold, bend to final shape -shape attracts specific molecules Substrate Ans - Molecules that bind to the enzyme Active site Ans - -location on enzyme where substrate binds Function of DNA polymerase in process of PCR. Ans - -increase expression -2 genes -SIRT1 & SIRT2 Function of a molecule Ans - Structural component of the lipid bilayer How would lipid production in a cell change in order to maintain fluidity of its cell membrane as it adapts to lower temperatures? Ans - Produce lipids with shorter fatty acid chains Function of cholesterol Ans - Maintains membrane fluidity Lipid (fat) soluble vitamins Ans - A, D, E, K What stimulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids? Ans - An increase in NAD+ concentration in the mitochondrial matrix What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbs and high levels of fats? Ans - Acetone is produced in the blood Amino acids Ans - -Non-polar (hydrophobic) -Polar charged -Polar uncharged Which type of mammalian DNA damage repair requires the presence of the chromosome that is homologous to the damaged chromosome? Ans - Recombination Xeroxerma Pigmentosum (XP) Ans - A recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general population? Ans - The mutation of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair. Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the completion of 4 complete PCR cycles? Ans - 16 What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? Ans - It recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 & SIRT2 genes in people addicted to cocaine increases their expression? Ans - The nucleosomes become more widely spaced. What occurs during the process of alternative splicing of RNA? Ans - Alternate combinations of Exons within the same gene are linked together. Polypeptides Ans - -functional proteins -made of folded up polymers Elements Ans - Substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical reaction. Ionic bond Ans - Actions share + & - charge Covalent bond Ans - When atoms share electrons Hydrogen bond Ans - Forms when portion of a polar molecule that is partially positive interacts with portion of a polar molecule that is partially negative Van der Waals interactions Ans - Occur due to random, transient movements of electrons that at any given instant, give molecules regions of + & - charges. Amino acid Ans - -has amino group (-NH2) -& a carbonyl group (-COOH) -cx. Based on side chains Elevated levels of AST & ALT Ans - -indicates liver damage (When damaged, their protein contents can spill into blood stream) Which level of protein structure is disrupted through the hydrolysis of peptide bonds? Ans - Primary Sickle cell disease Ans - Caused by mutation in the Hgb-beta gene. (Causes cells to become rigid, sticky, misshapen.) Which force is most influential in determining the secondary structure of a protein? Ans - Hydrogen bonding .