Entrepreneurship
Lecture 1
Part I: The setup of the course : Contact + course information, see slides.
Part II: Definitions and forms of e’ship
What do these people have in common?: They did something new in their time, a new product to the
industry.
Shane and Venkataraman (2000) !Artikel!
Definition e’ship: E’ship is the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities.
2 types of profit opportunities:
1. Entrepreneurial opportunities
2. Non-entrepreneurial opportunities
Entrepreneurial opportunities are a subgroup to a large group of opportunities. Some ideas are
entrepreneurial, meaning that this is about engaging and new activities, the non- entrepreneurial activities
mean engaging in existing activities and trying to enhance the efficiency of these activities.
The level of newness can vary from incremental (not really new but new to the person introducing it) to
very radical.
Sharma and Chrisman (1999) !Artikel!
Definition e’ship: Acts of organizational creation, renewal or innovation inside or outside an organization.
Entrepreneurship: individuals or groups of individuals, acting independently or as part of a corporate
system, who create new organizations, or instigate renewal or innovation within an existing organization.
Small businesses
Entrepreneurship is considered to be innovative and new but small business or SME is typically about
small established organizations that already exist.
Many small businesses have existed for decades and they aren’t new, they survive but that does not equal
entrepreneurship.
SME = Small or medium enterprises.
1
,2 definitions of SMEs (Bolton report, 1971)
1. Quantitative criteria: statistical conventions people adhere to
a. How the EU defines it
b. Scale (micro, small or medium)
c. Staff headcount, turnover, etc.
2. Qualitative criteria: qualitative characteristics of SMEs.
a. Small scale
b. Personality
c. Independence
The EU tried to define SME, according to them SME are firms without 250 employees. The EU does not
talk about Solo-Self-Employers (SSE) or ZZP’ers though, they put them under the heading SMEs but
these don’t have HRM departments or other departments. So that’s not totally correct.
In the Netherlands 95% of the firms are considered to be SMEs. Around 75% in the Netherlands is SSE.
Free lancers aren’t really businesses.
SMEs can operate relatively independently, you’re not obligated to do certain things because they are
small and regulations don’t apply to them. There are disadvantages though:
- More difficult to find funding
- Less skilled personnel
- Less economies of scale
Kuratko et. al (2015) SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT FRAMEWORK !Artikel!
Reasons for people to start a new entrepreneur business.
Macro schools of thought view (FED):
1. Environmental school of thought
2. Financial/ capital school of thought
3. Displacement school of thought
Macro view looks at factors from the external world that impact entrepreneur business. For example
culture, banks, legal factors. People start a new business because of the displacement school of thought
because they don’t feel like they fit in.
Micro schools of thought view (VES):
1. Entrepreneurial trait school of thought = Traits that make a successful entrepreneur.
2. Venture opportunity school of thought = Essence of an opportunity that has attractive potential
to become a successful venture.
3. Strategic formulation school of thought = The process of using available knowledge to
document the intended direction of a business and the actionable steps to reach its goals.
A micro view looks at how the entrepreneur affects the external environment.
2
,Kuratko developed different types of frameworks and is therefore different from the first written article.
The integrative frameworks distinguish different elements that are affecting the entrepreneurial process:
- Te environment: external factor, like banks
- The entrepreneur: role of the entrepreneur, motivation, personality
- The resources: hrm, finance? (THIS ONE IS NOT DISCUSSED IN THE FIRST
FRAMEWORK)
- The concept: What is sold, a good or service? Is it entrepreneurial?
- The organizational context: small or corporate? Is the entrepreneur perhaps external from the
venture?
3
, Sharma and Chrisman (1999) !Artikel!
Sharma and Chrisman are more clear about how forms of entrepreneurship can take place.
Corporate entrepreneurship = The process whereby an individual or a group of individuals, in
association with an existing organization, create a new organization or instigate renewal or innovation
within that organization
Independent entrepreneurship = Independent entrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or
group of individuals, acting independently of any association with an existing organization, create a new
organization.
Corporate venturing = Corporate entrepreneurial efforts that lead to the creation of new business
organizations within the corporate organization
Internal corporate venturing = Corporate venturing activities that result in the creation of
organizational entities that reside within an existing organizational domain
External corporate venturing = Corporate venturing activities that result in the creation of semi-
autonomous or autonomous organizational entities that reside outside the existing organizational domain
4
Lecture 1
Part I: The setup of the course : Contact + course information, see slides.
Part II: Definitions and forms of e’ship
What do these people have in common?: They did something new in their time, a new product to the
industry.
Shane and Venkataraman (2000) !Artikel!
Definition e’ship: E’ship is the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities.
2 types of profit opportunities:
1. Entrepreneurial opportunities
2. Non-entrepreneurial opportunities
Entrepreneurial opportunities are a subgroup to a large group of opportunities. Some ideas are
entrepreneurial, meaning that this is about engaging and new activities, the non- entrepreneurial activities
mean engaging in existing activities and trying to enhance the efficiency of these activities.
The level of newness can vary from incremental (not really new but new to the person introducing it) to
very radical.
Sharma and Chrisman (1999) !Artikel!
Definition e’ship: Acts of organizational creation, renewal or innovation inside or outside an organization.
Entrepreneurship: individuals or groups of individuals, acting independently or as part of a corporate
system, who create new organizations, or instigate renewal or innovation within an existing organization.
Small businesses
Entrepreneurship is considered to be innovative and new but small business or SME is typically about
small established organizations that already exist.
Many small businesses have existed for decades and they aren’t new, they survive but that does not equal
entrepreneurship.
SME = Small or medium enterprises.
1
,2 definitions of SMEs (Bolton report, 1971)
1. Quantitative criteria: statistical conventions people adhere to
a. How the EU defines it
b. Scale (micro, small or medium)
c. Staff headcount, turnover, etc.
2. Qualitative criteria: qualitative characteristics of SMEs.
a. Small scale
b. Personality
c. Independence
The EU tried to define SME, according to them SME are firms without 250 employees. The EU does not
talk about Solo-Self-Employers (SSE) or ZZP’ers though, they put them under the heading SMEs but
these don’t have HRM departments or other departments. So that’s not totally correct.
In the Netherlands 95% of the firms are considered to be SMEs. Around 75% in the Netherlands is SSE.
Free lancers aren’t really businesses.
SMEs can operate relatively independently, you’re not obligated to do certain things because they are
small and regulations don’t apply to them. There are disadvantages though:
- More difficult to find funding
- Less skilled personnel
- Less economies of scale
Kuratko et. al (2015) SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT FRAMEWORK !Artikel!
Reasons for people to start a new entrepreneur business.
Macro schools of thought view (FED):
1. Environmental school of thought
2. Financial/ capital school of thought
3. Displacement school of thought
Macro view looks at factors from the external world that impact entrepreneur business. For example
culture, banks, legal factors. People start a new business because of the displacement school of thought
because they don’t feel like they fit in.
Micro schools of thought view (VES):
1. Entrepreneurial trait school of thought = Traits that make a successful entrepreneur.
2. Venture opportunity school of thought = Essence of an opportunity that has attractive potential
to become a successful venture.
3. Strategic formulation school of thought = The process of using available knowledge to
document the intended direction of a business and the actionable steps to reach its goals.
A micro view looks at how the entrepreneur affects the external environment.
2
,Kuratko developed different types of frameworks and is therefore different from the first written article.
The integrative frameworks distinguish different elements that are affecting the entrepreneurial process:
- Te environment: external factor, like banks
- The entrepreneur: role of the entrepreneur, motivation, personality
- The resources: hrm, finance? (THIS ONE IS NOT DISCUSSED IN THE FIRST
FRAMEWORK)
- The concept: What is sold, a good or service? Is it entrepreneurial?
- The organizational context: small or corporate? Is the entrepreneur perhaps external from the
venture?
3
, Sharma and Chrisman (1999) !Artikel!
Sharma and Chrisman are more clear about how forms of entrepreneurship can take place.
Corporate entrepreneurship = The process whereby an individual or a group of individuals, in
association with an existing organization, create a new organization or instigate renewal or innovation
within that organization
Independent entrepreneurship = Independent entrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or
group of individuals, acting independently of any association with an existing organization, create a new
organization.
Corporate venturing = Corporate entrepreneurial efforts that lead to the creation of new business
organizations within the corporate organization
Internal corporate venturing = Corporate venturing activities that result in the creation of
organizational entities that reside within an existing organizational domain
External corporate venturing = Corporate venturing activities that result in the creation of semi-
autonomous or autonomous organizational entities that reside outside the existing organizational domain
4
