NPTE PTA EXAM STUDY 2023 GRADED A+

Respiratory Acidosis - ANSWER-Impaired alveolar ventilation ( hypoventaliation) Respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER-Alveolar Hyperventilation Hyperglycemia - ANSWER->180-200, increased thirst, frequent urination Hypoglycemia - ANSWER-<70 , hunger, sweating, shaking, dizziness, clumsiness, HA. Counteract by glucose or carbs Diabetic Ketoacidosis - ANSWER-Life threatening, glucose levels above 300, dyspnea, fruity odor breath, dry mouth, nausea eventually loss of consciousness Orthostatic Hypotension - ANSWER-From supine to sit, decrease in BP, tilt table allow person to accomadate Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANSWER-SCI T6, severe rise in BP, sweating, HA Sit patient up, check catheter bag, monitor vitals UMN - ANSWER-Hypertone, spasticity, hyperactive reflexes LMN - ANSWER-Hypotone, flaccid, diminished reflexes, significant muscle wasting, fatigue Anterior Cerebral Artery ACA syndrome - ANSWER-Involving mainly LE, contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss, problems with initiation Middle Cerebral Artery MCA Syndrome - ANSWER-Involving UE and face. Contralateral hemiaresis and hemisensory loss. Most common site* Rancho Los Amigos: 1 No Response - ANSWER-Appears to be in deep sleep Rancho Los Amigos: 2 Generalized Response - ANSWER-Reacts Inconsistently and nonpurposefully to stimuli in nonspecific manner Rancho Los Amigos: 3 Localized Response - ANSWER-Reacts specifically but inconsistently to stimuli. May follow simple commands squeeze hand, blink in a inconsistent, delayed manner Rancho Los Amigos: 4 Confused Agiated - ANSWER-Heightened state of mind. Bizarre and nonpurposefully relative to immediate environment. Lacks short and long term recall Rancho Los Amigos: 5 Confused Inappropriate - ANSWER-Able to respond to simple commands fairly consistently, responses are nonpurposeful random or fragmented. Highly distractable and lacks ability to focus. May perform previously learned tasks, but unable to learn new info Rancho Los Amigos: 6 Confused Appropriate - ANSWER-Shows goal oriented behavior but dependent on external direction. Follows simple commands. Shows carryover for relearned tasks. Responses may be incorrect but appropriate to situation. Past memories show more depth than recent memory Rancho Los Amigos: 7 Automatic Appropriate - ANSWER-Appears Appropriate and oriented in hospital and home settings. Goes through daily routine automatically but robot like. Shows carryover for new learning but at decreased rate. Judgement remains impaired. Rancho Los Amigos: 8 Purposeful Appropriate - ANSWER-Able to recall and integrate past and recent events. Shows carryover for new learning and needs no supervision once activities are learned. May continue to show a decreased ability to relative to abstract reasoning, tolerance for stress, and judgement in emergencies. Brunnstorm's Stage 1 - ANSWER-Flaccidity. No movements of the limbs can be elicited Brunnstorm's Stage 2 - ANSWER-Spasticity begins to develop Brunnstorm Stage 3 - ANSWER-Synergies begin. Spasticity increases Brunnstorm Stage 4 - ANSWER-Some movements out of synergy, spasticity begins to decline Brunnstorm's Stage 5 - ANSWER-Synergy loses dominance over motor acts. Further decrease in spasticity Brunnstorm's Stage 6 - ANSWER-Isolated movements are performed with coordination. Disappearance of spasticity Brunnstorm's Stage 7 - ANSWER-Normal function is restored Galant Reflex - ANSWER-2 months, touch skin along spine= lateral flexion of trunk to side of stimulus * Interferes with sitting balance, can lead to scoliosis Positive Support Reflex - ANSWER-2 months, weight placed on balls of feet = stiffening of legs into extension. * Interferes with standing/walking, can lead to PF contractures Stepping Reflex - ANSWER-2 months, supported upright position = reciprocal flex/ext of legs * Interferes with walking/ standing Rooting Reflex - ANSWER-3 months, touch on cheek = tuning head to same side * oral motor delay Palmar Grasp Reflex - ANSWER-4 months, pressure in palm = flex fingers * Ability to grasp and release objects, WB on open hand, crawing Moro Reflex - ANSWER-5 months, head dropping into ext = arms abduct then into add and cry * Balance reactions in sitting, eye hand coordination Startle Reflex - ANSWER-5 months, loud noise = scared * Sitting balance, social interaction Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex - ANSWER-6 months, position of libyrinth in inner ear = supine position body and extremities are held in ext In prone position body and extremities held in flexion * Ability to initiate rolling, proping on elbows with extended hips in prone, ability to flex trunk and hips to come to sitting, balance in sitting Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex - ANSWER-6 months, turn head to one side += arm and leg on face side ext, arm and leg on scalp side flex * Feeding, visual tracking, rolling, can lead to skeletal deformities scoliosis, hip sublux, delay crawling Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex - ANSWER-6-8 months, head position = when head is flexed arms flexed - legs extended - when head is ext arm ext legs flexed * ability to prop on arms in prone, attain position, crawling, sitting balance Plantar Grasp - ANSWER-9 months, pressure to toes = toe flexion * Ability to stand with feet fat, balance reaction, weight shifting Babinski Reflex - ANSWER-18 - 24 months, run object heel to toes = extension of toes * coordination, weakness/muscle control, UMN, Standing Landau Reflex - ANSWER-2 years, prone suspension = aligning head and extremities in line with plane of body Right Sided Heart Failure - ANSWER-Dependent edema, wt gain, nausea Left Sided Heart Failure - ANSWER-Pulmonary edema, dyspnea, weight gain, fatigue, weakness, cerebral hypoxia, hyperthroidism Cor Pulmonale - ANSWER-Pulmonary heart disease, hypertrophy right ventricle caused by altered structure of function of lung. Progressive SOB, Decreased cardiac output, increase HR, Decreased BP, fatigue, palpitations, swelling of LE Digitalis Toxicity - ANSWER-From diuretics causing low potassium which increases risk of disitalis. Confusion, loss of appetite, irregular pulse, nausea, vomiting, vision changes Cardiac Rehab: Phase 1 - ANSWER-3 -5 days. Initiate risk factor education, self care activities, sit to stand (1-3 METS) should not exceed 20 BPM above resting HR Cardiac Rehab: Phase 2 - ANSWER-6 - 8 weeks. Low level exercise training, Freq: 3 week. Intensity: 40 -60% Max HR. Time: 10 -15 min, progress o 30-60 includes 8 min warm up/cool down. Continous using large muscle groups. Low level weight training(resistance training may be ok) Cardiac Rehab: Phase 3 - ANSWER-Return to previous functional level. Outpatient. (8 METS) jogging, cycling Cholesterol - ANSWER-<200 desirable > 240 High HDL - ANSWER-Good Cholesterol <40 Low >60 High LDL - ANSWER-Bad Cholesterol <100 optimal >160 High Hemoglobin - ANSWER-Males 13.3 - 16.2 Females 12 - 15.8 Hematocrit - ANSWER-Males 0.388 - 0.464 Females 0.345 - 0.444 Prothrombin Time - ANSWER-How quickly blood clots 26.3 sec - 39.4 sec Glucose - ANSWER-<100 normal 80 - 110 optimal <160 - 200 high hyperglcemia < 70 hypoglcemia Arterial Blood Gases - ANSWER-pH: 7.4 PaC0s: 97 PacO2: 40 HCO2: 24 Homan's Sign - ANSWER-DVT. Passively DF the foot with knee straight - positive if pain Ankle Brachial Index - ANSWER-1.0 normal 0.4 severe blockage BMI - ANSWER-<18.5 underweight 18.5 - 24.9 normal > 30 obese Absolute Indication for terminating exercise - ANSWER-Drop in SBP >10 with other evidence of ischemis Ataxia, dizziness Poor perfusion Sustained tachycardia RPE - Borg Scales - ANSWER-Original: 6 - 20 ; 12-13: 60%, 14-15: 70%, 16: 85%, 18 - 19: 95% Revised 0 -10; 3 mod , 7 very strong, 10 max RR - ANSWER-Adult 12 - 20 BPM Newborn: 33 - 45 BPM Cryotherapy Contraindications - ANSWER-Cold hypersensitivity, cold intolerance, infection, Raynauds disease, over PVD, Skin anesthesia, cryoglobulinemia ( gangrene, lupus, RA), Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Thermotherapy Contraindications - ANSWER-Recent or potential hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, malignant tissue, impaired sensation, infection, arterial disease, over area of compromised sensation PVD, edema Ultrasound Contraindications - ANSWER-Over epiphyseal plates, acute/subacute condition, malignant tumor, infection, pregnancy, joint cement, pacemaker, DVT, reproductive organs, active bleeding, decreased temperature sensation, circulation