PROGRAMMEREN
EMBEDDED C
KDG | 2021-22
,Inhoudsopgave
1. De hardware ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Arduino UNO board met microcontroller ATmega 328 ................................................................................ 4
1.1.1 Embedded systemen ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.1.2 Wat is Arduino? .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Het Multifunctional Shield ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 ATmega328................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 De ATmega328 architectuur ................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 ATmega328 op de Arduino ................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 ATmega328 via VMA209 expansion shield op de Arduino ................................................................... 9
2. De programmeertaal C .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Wat is C? ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Belangrijkste kenmerken .................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2 C libraries ............................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Van source naar executable ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 De syntax van C........................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Identifiers ............................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Constanten en String literals ............................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Operatoren ......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Punctuatoren (scheiden van tokens) .................................................................................................. 12
2.2.5 Commentaar ....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.6 Variabelen in C .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.7 Basisstructuren in C ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.8 Verschillen C en Java ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Aanvulling ................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Eenvoudige I/O in C ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.2 Arrays in C ........................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Strings in C .......................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Bit operaties in C ......................................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.1 Werking............................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.2 Oefening ............................................................................................................................................. 18
3. Overige tutorials ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Schrijven naar een pin................................................................................................................................. 18
3.1.1 Welke pin? .......................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1.2 Een paar voorbeelden ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 DE wet van Ohm en de LED......................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Wet van Ohm ...................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2 Elektrisch schema ............................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 LEDs..................................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.4 LEDs op Multi-Functional Shield ......................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Installeren Visual code ................................................................................................................................ 22
1
, 3.4 Nieuw project in VS-Code............................................................................................................................ 22
3.5 Een eigen library gebruiken in VS code ....................................................................................................... 23
3.5.1 USART library ...................................................................................................................................... 23
1. Interfacing met de hardware ..................................................................................................................... 25
1.1 Lezen van een pin........................................................................................................................................ 25
1.1.1 Aan welke pin hangt een knop? .......................................................................................................... 25
1.1.2 En hoe test je nu of ze ingedrukt is? ................................................................................................... 26
1.1.3 Debounce ............................................................................................................................................ 26
1.2 Interrupts .................................................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.1 Hoe werkt het interrupt systeem? ...................................................................................................... 26
1.2.2 Aan de slag: hoe configureer ik een interrupt? .................................................................................. 27
1.2.3 Conclusie ............................................................................................................................................. 28
2. Programmeertaal C ................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1 Macro’s ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1.2 Voorwaardelijke compilatie ................................................................................................................ 30
2.1.3 Voor gedefinieerde macros ................................................................................................................ 31
2.2 Pointers ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Poging 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.2 Poging 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.3 Oefening ............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.3 Overige tutorials ......................................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.1 Wat is een pull-up weerstand? ........................................................................................................... 34
2.3.2 Wat is een seriële poort? .................................................................................................................... 36
1. Analoog digitale conversie ........................................................................................................................ 37
1.1 Algemene principes..................................................................................................................................... 37
1.2 Aan de slag ................................................................................................................................................. 39
2. Het LED display met zijn shiftregister ........................................................................................................ 39
3. C: Geheugenmanagement ......................................................................................................................... 41
3.1 Heropfrissing............................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 Variabelen ........................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.2 Pointers ............................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2 Dynamische allocatie geheugen ................................................................................................................. 43
3.2.1 Array van strings ................................................................................................................................. 43
3.2.2 Zelf geheugen alloceren ...................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3 Array van strings met eigen geheugenallocatie .................................................................................. 43
3.3 Stack en Heap ............................................................................................................................................. 44
3.3.1 Stack overflow en Heap overflow ....................................................................................................... 45
2
, 4. Wat is een potentiometer? ....................................................................................................................... 45
1. Muziek ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
1.1 Wat is muziek?............................................................................................................................................ 47
1.2 Squarewaves ............................................................................................................................................... 48
1.3 Aan de slag ................................................................................................................................................. 48
2. C: structures .............................................................................................................................................. 49
2.1 Typedef ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2 Structures in C ............................................................................................................................................. 50
2.2.1 Definitie en declaratie......................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.2 Beter in combinatie met typedef ........................................................................................................ 51
2.2.3 Initialiseren ......................................................................................................................................... 51
2.2.4 Velden aanspreken ............................................................................................................................. 51
2.2.5 Geneste structures.............................................................................................................................. 52
2.2.6 Array van structures............................................................................................................................ 52
2.2.7 Structures als parameter .................................................................................................................... 52
2.2.8 Verkorte notatie.................................................................................................................................. 52
2.2.9 Onthouden .......................................................................................................................................... 53
2.2.10 Structures dynamisch alloceren ........................................................................................................ 53
2.2.11 Array van struct pointers .................................................................................................................. 53
2.2.12 Het uiteindelijke resultaat in het geheugen: .................................................................................... 54
2.2.13 Alles samen: ...................................................................................................................................... 54
2.2.14 Java versus C ..................................................................................................................................... 54
3. Timers ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
3.1 Automatische for-loops .............................................................................................................................. 55
4. Een piëzo-elektrische luidspreker .............................................................................................................. 61
4.1 Werking ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
3
EMBEDDED C
KDG | 2021-22
,Inhoudsopgave
1. De hardware ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Arduino UNO board met microcontroller ATmega 328 ................................................................................ 4
1.1.1 Embedded systemen ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.1.2 Wat is Arduino? .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Het Multifunctional Shield ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 ATmega328................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 De ATmega328 architectuur ................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 ATmega328 op de Arduino ................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 ATmega328 via VMA209 expansion shield op de Arduino ................................................................... 9
2. De programmeertaal C .............................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Wat is C? ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Belangrijkste kenmerken .................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2 C libraries ............................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Van source naar executable ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 De syntax van C........................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Identifiers ............................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Constanten en String literals ............................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Operatoren ......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Punctuatoren (scheiden van tokens) .................................................................................................. 12
2.2.5 Commentaar ....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.6 Variabelen in C .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.7 Basisstructuren in C ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.8 Verschillen C en Java ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Aanvulling ................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Eenvoudige I/O in C ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.2 Arrays in C ........................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Strings in C .......................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Bit operaties in C ......................................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.1 Werking............................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.2 Oefening ............................................................................................................................................. 18
3. Overige tutorials ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Schrijven naar een pin................................................................................................................................. 18
3.1.1 Welke pin? .......................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1.2 Een paar voorbeelden ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 DE wet van Ohm en de LED......................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Wet van Ohm ...................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2 Elektrisch schema ............................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 LEDs..................................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.4 LEDs op Multi-Functional Shield ......................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Installeren Visual code ................................................................................................................................ 22
1
, 3.4 Nieuw project in VS-Code............................................................................................................................ 22
3.5 Een eigen library gebruiken in VS code ....................................................................................................... 23
3.5.1 USART library ...................................................................................................................................... 23
1. Interfacing met de hardware ..................................................................................................................... 25
1.1 Lezen van een pin........................................................................................................................................ 25
1.1.1 Aan welke pin hangt een knop? .......................................................................................................... 25
1.1.2 En hoe test je nu of ze ingedrukt is? ................................................................................................... 26
1.1.3 Debounce ............................................................................................................................................ 26
1.2 Interrupts .................................................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.1 Hoe werkt het interrupt systeem? ...................................................................................................... 26
1.2.2 Aan de slag: hoe configureer ik een interrupt? .................................................................................. 27
1.2.3 Conclusie ............................................................................................................................................. 28
2. Programmeertaal C ................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1 Macro’s ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1.2 Voorwaardelijke compilatie ................................................................................................................ 30
2.1.3 Voor gedefinieerde macros ................................................................................................................ 31
2.2 Pointers ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Poging 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.2 Poging 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.3 Oefening ............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.3 Overige tutorials ......................................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.1 Wat is een pull-up weerstand? ........................................................................................................... 34
2.3.2 Wat is een seriële poort? .................................................................................................................... 36
1. Analoog digitale conversie ........................................................................................................................ 37
1.1 Algemene principes..................................................................................................................................... 37
1.2 Aan de slag ................................................................................................................................................. 39
2. Het LED display met zijn shiftregister ........................................................................................................ 39
3. C: Geheugenmanagement ......................................................................................................................... 41
3.1 Heropfrissing............................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 Variabelen ........................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.2 Pointers ............................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2 Dynamische allocatie geheugen ................................................................................................................. 43
3.2.1 Array van strings ................................................................................................................................. 43
3.2.2 Zelf geheugen alloceren ...................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3 Array van strings met eigen geheugenallocatie .................................................................................. 43
3.3 Stack en Heap ............................................................................................................................................. 44
3.3.1 Stack overflow en Heap overflow ....................................................................................................... 45
2
, 4. Wat is een potentiometer? ....................................................................................................................... 45
1. Muziek ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
1.1 Wat is muziek?............................................................................................................................................ 47
1.2 Squarewaves ............................................................................................................................................... 48
1.3 Aan de slag ................................................................................................................................................. 48
2. C: structures .............................................................................................................................................. 49
2.1 Typedef ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
2.2 Structures in C ............................................................................................................................................. 50
2.2.1 Definitie en declaratie......................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.2 Beter in combinatie met typedef ........................................................................................................ 51
2.2.3 Initialiseren ......................................................................................................................................... 51
2.2.4 Velden aanspreken ............................................................................................................................. 51
2.2.5 Geneste structures.............................................................................................................................. 52
2.2.6 Array van structures............................................................................................................................ 52
2.2.7 Structures als parameter .................................................................................................................... 52
2.2.8 Verkorte notatie.................................................................................................................................. 52
2.2.9 Onthouden .......................................................................................................................................... 53
2.2.10 Structures dynamisch alloceren ........................................................................................................ 53
2.2.11 Array van struct pointers .................................................................................................................. 53
2.2.12 Het uiteindelijke resultaat in het geheugen: .................................................................................... 54
2.2.13 Alles samen: ...................................................................................................................................... 54
2.2.14 Java versus C ..................................................................................................................................... 54
3. Timers ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
3.1 Automatische for-loops .............................................................................................................................. 55
4. Een piëzo-elektrische luidspreker .............................................................................................................. 61
4.1 Werking ...................................................................................................................................................... 61
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