NURS 231: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022 MODULE 5

LEEN [COMPANY NAME] [Company address] NURS 231: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022 MODULE 5 PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022 MODULE 5 Question 1 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are able to bind with hemoglobin. Correct! True False Question 2 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: Exercise, allergens, and emotion can all contribute to an asthma attack. Correct! True False Question 3 2.5 / 2.5 pts The breathing rate is determined by input from that monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood. Your Answer: chemorecpetors chemoreceptors Question 4 2.5 / 2.5 pts The are the actual sites of gas exchange between the air and blood. Your Answer: alveoli alveoli Question 5 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: Asthma is considered reversible airway bronchoconstriction. Correct! True False Question 6 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: Intrapleural pressure is always negative in relation to alveolar pressure in a normal inflated lung. Correct! True False Question 7 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: The accessory muscles are the main muscles of inspiration. True Correct! False diaphragm Question 8 0 / 2.5 pts True/False: The FEV1/ FVC ratio is decreased in restrictive lung disorders. You Answered True Correct Answer False Question 9 5 / 5 pts Fill in the blank: The diaphragm is innervated by . Your Answer: the phrenic nerve, cervical nerves C3, C4, C5 C3, C4, C5 Question 10 5 / 5 pts is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. Your Answer: ventilation Ventilation Question 11 1.5 / 2.5 pts Which of the following cells contribute to airway inflammation in asthma? Select all that apply. Correct! Eosinophils Correct! Mast cells Correct Answer Neutrophils Correct Answer Leukotrienes Correct! Lymphocytes Question 12 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is most likely seen in which disease process? Bronchial asthma Chronic bronchitis Correct! Emphysema Bronchiectasis Question 13 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: Histologically, chronic bronchitis would exhibit each of the following except: Correct! Enlargement of the airspaces Increase in goblet cells Fibrosis of the bronchiolar wall Hypertrophy of the submucosal glands Question 14 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: Each of the following are TRUE of ARDS except: Chest x-ray shows a “white-out” Correct! Presents with decreased respiratory rate Decreased surfactant function Increased capillary permeability Question 15 10 / 10 pts Short answer: A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a “cold,” and now he doesn’t get relief from his albuterol inhaler. Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. Your Answer: In asthma patients, the airways begin to narrow. COntact with a trigger, such as a cold virus, starts a cascade of inflammatory cells to cause epithelial injury, resulting in airway inflammation. With the severe airway inflammation, patient is experiencing airway remodeling, development of specific structureal changes in the airway wall. This can cause fixed obstruction in asthma patients and not reversible with inhalers or bronchodilaters. Recruitment of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular level as well: Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveness and decreased airflow. Mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent swelling leads to further airway obstruction. Question 16 10 / 10 pts Short answer: An 18-year-old woman is admitted to the ER with a suspected drug overdose. Her respiratory rate is slow (4-6 breaths/minute) and shallow. Arterial blood gases reveal a PCO2 of 80 mm Hg and a PO2 of 60 mm Hg. What is the cause of this women’s high PCO2 and low PO2? Hypoventilation almost always causes an increase in PCO2. Explain. Your Answer: The patient has decreased ventilation, impaired alveolar ventilation. This causes an increase in plasma PCO2 and decrease in PO2. She cannot expire the air at a normal rate resulting in accumulation of CO2. Hypoventilation is when there is a reduced amount of air entering the lungs and alveoli. This results in decrease of oxygen and increase of CO2 in the blood. Breathing is often too shallow or too slow. Respiratory acidosis; with a decreased respiratory rate, you are not exhaling enough carbon dioxide and it accumulates. Question 17 10 / 10 pts Short answer: Explain why the oxygen flow rate for people with COPD is normally titrated to maintain the arterial PO2 between 60 and 65 mm Hg. Your Answer: Those with oxygen therapy, its vital not to supplement with too much oxygen. The respirator center in the medulla has adapted to elevated CO2 levels, no longer responding to increases in PCO2. A decrease in PO2 becomes the stimulus for respiration. If oxygen is given at too high of rate, the respiratory drive and stimulus is supressed. Their medullary respiratory center has adapted to the elevated CO2 levels and no longer responds to increases in PCO2. Therefore, a decrease in PO2 becomes the stimulus for respiration. If oxygen is given at too high of a rate, it suppresses the stimulus and the respiratory drive. Question 18 10 / 10 pts Short answer: 1.) Your patient’s lung showed the following: what is the only treatment that can delay the progression of this disease? 2.) Which is more soluble in plasma: carbon dioxide or oxygen? Your Answer: 1) Smoking cessation only treatment that slows disease progression 2) Carbon Dioxide 1.) smoking cessation 2.) Carbon dioxide Question 19 5 / 5 pts Short answer Some people have the triad of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyps. They have asthma attacks in response to taking what medication(s)? Your Answer: aspirin and other NSAIDs Aspirin and other NSAIDs Question 20 5 / 5 pts Multiple Choice: Each of the following can lead to atelectasis except: Pleural effusion Tumor mass Correct! Thrombus Mucous plug Question 21 5 / 5 pts Multiple Choice: Each of the following are helpful treatments for COPD patients except: Oxygen therapy Bronchodilators Correct! Anticoagulants Pneumococcal vaccination Influenza vaccination