Human Physiology: Introduction, Macromolecules, Body Compartments, Organelles, Tissues, Energy, Reactions, and Cellular Respiration

Describes the 4 main keys to learning physiology: structure and function are closely related ("form fits function"), living organisms need energy, information flow coordinates body functions, and homeostasis maintains internal stability. Explains positive and negative feedback loops with images and drawings. Describes law of mass balance and how the body maintains homeostasis by local and reflex control. Macromolecules include carbs, fats, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Goes over the basic forms and functions of each macromolecule. Defines the terms polymerization, organic molecules, biomolecules, glycosidic linkage, glycocalyx, carboxyl group, amino group, R group, peptide, ligand, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. Explains dehydration and hydrolysis processes and the structure of carbs: trioses, pentoses, and hexoses. Main components of proteins and amino acids explained, as well as the 4 kinds of structures of proteins: primary (polypeptide), secondary (alpha helix or beta pleated sheets), tertiary (chains fold), or quaternary (fibrous protein and globular protein). Covers 3 main body cavities: cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic. Describes the membranes separated by membranes such as pericardial sac, pericardial membrane. Body fluid compartments are filled with either intracellular or extracellular fluid. The following organelles described in detail: cell membrane, nucleus, endomembrane system (rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, and detoxification center), lysosome, peroxisome, and mitochondrion. Chemical reaction of cellular respiration. 4 types of tissues described and drawn in detail: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Stem cells include totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. Cell death either results from apoptosis or necrosis. 1st law of thermodynamics says energy cannot be created nor destroyed. 2nd law of thermodynamics says there is natural tendency for matter and energy to disperse. Describes chemical bonds and how they relate to exergonic vs endergonic reactions. Graphs describing exothermic and endothermic reactions. Activation energy, released energy, required energy, all over time is drawn on a graph. Defines free energy, activation energy, negative feedback, entropy, enthalpy, circular pathway, coupling reactions, catabolism, and anabolism. Includes drawings and written diagrams of catalysts, chemical reactions in the body, energy being released and required in reactions involving ATP, Kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain. Overall description and summary of cellular respiration reactants and products.