Patho test 2 with complete solutions

What are common signs and symptoms of GI disorders as a whole? - ANSWER-Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, and Diarrhea Gastritis - ANSWER-Inflammation of stomach lining causes of gastritis - ANSWER-H. pylori, alcohol, asprin, NSAID, viral, bacterial, or autoimmune disorder What is GERD? - ANSWER-gastroesophageal reflux disease Causes of GERD? - ANSWER-hiatal hernia, incompetent LE sphincter, delayed gastric emptying, fatty foods, caffeine, high amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoking , pregnancy. Complications of GERD - ANSWER-Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, ulcers, esophagus strictures, pulmonary symptoms (cough, asthma, and layngitis) Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER-Caused by NSAIDS, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics, and H. pylori H. pylori - ANSWER-Primary cause of ulcer formation, found in 95% duodenal and 70% gastric ulcers, thrives in acidic conditions. Clearance of this promotes ulcer healing. PUD Signs/Symptoms - ANSWER-Gnawing epigastric pain, Relief of pain with eating (duodenal), Pain worsens with eating (gastric), occurs on an empty stomach but may present soon after meal What is pseudomembranous colitis - ANSWER-inflammatory and necrosis of the large intestine, caused by C. Diff (exposure to antibiotics) Mediated by bacterial toxins. What contributes to pseudomembranous colitis - ANSWER-Not enough normal flora in the bowels, due to too much exposure to antibiotics or someone with C. diff How can pseudomembranous colitis be treated? - ANSWER-Stop antibiotics (if possible), treat ischemia, treat contributing conditions, fecal transplants, colectomy, oral antibiotics (metronidazole and vancomycin) Signs and symptoms of appendicitis - ANSWER-Perumbilical pain, RLQ pain, "McBurney's Point", nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic sign of inflammation assess for appendicitis - ANSWER-Mcburney's point, rebound tenderness. Causes of bowel obstruction - ANSWER-Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel mechanical bowel obstruction - ANSWER-Refers to a bowel obstruction that occurs as a result of blockage of the bowel lumen. Mechanical bowel obstruction examples - ANSWER-Adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, and intussusception functional bowel obstruction - ANSWER-failure of peristalsis resulting from ileus, narcotics, overuse of antidiarrheals. Mostly in the small intestine functional bowel obstruction examples - ANSWER-inhibit peristalsis, meds (anticholinergics), opioids, lower fiber diet. Cirrhosis - ANSWER-end stage liver disease Signs and symptoms of liver disease - ANSWER-- Hepatomegaly (abnormal enlargement of liver) - Jaundice - Ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen) - Hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, altered level of consciousness, & coma as result of liver failure) - Malnutrition (esp. protein malnutrition) - Splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen, secondary to portal HTN) - Fever/Infection Crohn's disease - ANSWER-a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon ulcerative colitis - ANSWER-chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers Signs and symptoms of gallstones - ANSWER-None to severe and unbearable pain that can radiate to back at the shoulder area. Triggered by fatty meal. Temperature Severe Nausea and Vomiting Clay colored stool that floats (no bile) Phase one of gallstones - ANSWER-supersaturation of bile with cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol. Phase two of gallstones - ANSWER-nucleation of bile crystals, sticking together. Phase three of gallstones - ANSWER-hypomotility (bile isn't moving as freely, stasis of bile) allowing stone growth S/S of pancreatitis - ANSWER-steady, boring pain in epigastrium and LUQ hypersentivity severe tenderness on palpation radiates or penetrates to back nausea and vomiting abd distension hypoactive bowel sounds low grade fever Causes of pancreatitis - ANSWER-biliary tract disease, high TG, alcohol abuse is the cause of 2/3 cases. function of kidneys - ANSWER-rid of fluids, excretions, acid bases excretion - ANSWER-removal of organic waste products from body fluids elimination - ANSWER-discharge of waste products from the body regulation - ANSWER-regulation blood volume levels, ion concentrations, blood pH, and nutrients How do we assess for renal disorders - ANSWER-CVA tenderness (pound on back, bottom of the ribcage), abnormal UA (elevated ketones, WBC, glucose, and is cloudy) cystic kidney disease - ANSWER-autosomal recessive forms autosomal dominate types: most common, symptoms appear later in life What causes cystic kidney disease - ANSWER-men: bacteriostatic prostatic secretions women: glands in distal urethra secrete mucus nephron - ANSWER-functional unit of the kidney hematuria - ANSWER-presence of blood in the urine proteinuria - ANSWER-presence of protein in urine nephrolithiasis - ANSWER-kidney stones pyelonephritis - ANSWER-inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis cysitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the urinary bladder signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia, edema and hypertension what triggers acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-follows impetigo and throat infections (streptococcus) Age group for acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER-children in developing countries triggers of IGA nephropathy - ANSWER-URI, GI infections, any viral infections S&S of IgA nephropathy - ANSWER-hematuria, dark concentrated urine, low output, edema age group for iga nephropathy - ANSWER-most common in adults S/S of AKI - ANSWER-disruption in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances, retention of nitrogenous waste products, elevated creatinine, low GFR Prerenal AKI - ANSWER-disruption of renal perfusion Postrenal AKI - ANSWER-disruption to urine flow distal to the kidney Intrinsic AKI - ANSWER-Damage within the kidney, blood vessels, tubules, or glomeruli Examples of Prerenal AKI - ANSWER-hypotension, hemorrhage, high blood loss, edema Examples of postrenal AKI - ANSWER-Stone, enlarged prostate, tumor Examples of intrinstic AKI - ANSWER-meds, chemo, amphetamines, contrast medica, sepsis, prolonged postrenal damage prodromal period - ANSWER-normal/declining urine output, serum BUN and creatinine began to rise Duration of this phase will depend on cause of injury, amt of toxin ingested, duration/severity of hypotension Oliguric phase - ANSWER-decrease urine output, oliguria, low GFR, fluid excess, hyperkalemia, uremic syndrome, 1-2 weeks, dialysis may be required postoliguric phase - ANSWER-renal recovery, increase urine volume, elevated GFR, 1 week-1 year full recovery, creatinine/BUN normal, not all recover Causes of chronic kidney disease - ANSWER-May follow AKI, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders, hypertension, chronic urinary obstruction, recurrent infections, renal artery occlusions, autoimmune disorders Complications of chronic kidney disease - ANSWER-- Hypertension and cardiovascular disease - Uremic syndrome, - Metabolic acidosis, - Electrolyte Imbalances, - Renal osteodystrophy, - Malnutrition, - Anemia urge incontinence - ANSWER-involuntary leakage of urine with a sudden, strong desire to urinate stress incontinence - ANSWER-the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing neurogenic bladder - ANSWER-impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction overflow incontinence - ANSWER-involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder cystitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the urinary bladder Patient education for cystitis - ANSWER-wipe front to back, hydration, pee frequently, what can happen if cystitis isn't resolved - ANSWER-can lead to kidney infection (pyelonephritis) BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) - ANSWER-urinary retention, nocturia, obstruction of flow, decreased stream, hesitancy, interruption of stream, infection by retention hydrocele - ANSWER-scrotal swelling caused by a collection of fluid testicular torsion - ANSWER-twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis endometriosis - ANSWER-pain in lower abd,vagina, posterior pelvis and back, dysmenorrhea, pain with intercourse, excessive bleeding uterine prolapse - ANSWER-vaginal discomfort, discomfort walking/sitting, difficulty urinating, bleeding, ulceration of cervix from friction, depends on severity pelvic inflammatory disease - ANSWER-Abd tenderness, pelvic pain, cervical/adnexa pain/tenderness on palpation, fever, elevated WBC, purulent discharge Which organism contribute to PID - ANSWER-heisseria gonorrhoea, chlamydia trachomatis Which organism contribute to cervical cancer - ANSWER-HPV Which organism contribute to UTI - ANSWER-E. Coli Which organism contribute to herpes - ANSWER-herpes simplex virus (HSV)