Geol oceanography exam 1 2022/2023 update

Geol oceanography exam 1 2022/2023 updateGeol oceanography exam 1 2022/2023 update Question 1 The Earth system consists of the major interacting subsystems of: air, ice, ocean, and humans geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere physics, biology, geology, chemistry geography, marine biology, astronomy, human ecology rain, earthquakes, and photosynthesis Question 2 At middle and high latitudes over the course of a year, the rate of radiational cooling is __________ the rate of radiational heating. greater than equal to less than Question 3 Earth's planetary albedo is about ______ percent. 30 70 23 47 8 Question 4 Along __________ plate boundaries, adjacent plates move apart. convergent divergent transform hot spot Question 5 Global radiative equilibrium means that the emission of heat from the Earth-atmosphere system to space in the form of __________ radiation balances __________ radiational heating of the Earth-atmosphere system. solar. . . . infrared infrared. . . . solar ultraviolet. . . . microwave microwave. . . . ultraviolet Question 6 The SOFAR channel is: where trapped sound waves can propagate horizontal distances of thousands of kilometers a zone centered at an average ocean depth of about 1000 m where there is a sharp drop in water temperature where there is a minimum in the speed of sound All of the above are correct. Question 7 As Earth orbits the Sun, the Earth-atmosphere system __________. absorbs a tiny fraction of the radiation that the Sun continually emits to space emits predominantly infrared radiation back to space over the long term remains in radiative equilibrium with space All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 8 The difference between glacial ice and sea (pack) ice: Glacial ice is frozen fresh water whereas sea ice is frozen salt water. Glacial ice forms from snow whereas sea ice forms from sea water. Sea ice lasts for years whereas glacial ice can last for tens of thousands of years. Glacial ice forms on land whereas sea ice forms in the ocean. All of the above are correct. Question 9 At __________, deep sea trenches are formed. convergent plate boundaries divergent plate boundaries transform plate boundaries hot spot plate boundaries asthenospheric plate boundaries Question 10 The largest reservoir of water in the hydrosphere is (are) the__________. atmosphere (water vapor, clouds, precipitation) glacial ice sheets (Greenland and the Antarctic) land surface (lakes, rivers) groundwater oceans Question 11 At __________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates collide. convergent divergent transform hot spot continental shelf Question 12 The principal absorber(s) of the solar radiation that is intercepted by the Earth-atmosphere system is (are) __________. clouds land ocean water aerosols sea ice Question 13 Features of the deep ocean basins include __________. coasts, cliffs, beaches, and breakers marshes, estuaries, lagoons, and bays sand dunes, turbidity currents, and lagoons shelves, slopes, rises, and canyons flat abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridges, deep trenches, and seamounts Question 14 The Coriolis Effect arises from the fact that __________. friction balances the horizontal pressure gradient force Earth rotates horizontal gradients in air density occur in the atmosphere All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 15 The deepest earthquakes on Earth usually originate __________. on the mid-ocean ridge in subduction zones along transform faults at hot spots in the plastic-like region of the asthenosphere Question 16 Deep ocean circulation is driven primarily by __________. surface winds differences in water density heating of the ocean ice melting in the ocean astronomical tides Question 17 Most of the fresh water in the hydrosphere is contained in the___________. atmosphere (water vapor, clouds, precipitation) glacial ice (Greenland, Antarctic ice sheets) land surface (lakes, rivers) ground (soil moisture, groundwater) biosphere (plants, animals) Question 18 Albedo is the fraction of incident solar radiation that is __________. unaffected by the atmosphere scattered reflected absorbed Question 19 1 / 1 pts The ocean plays a key role in the __________. global radiation budget transport of heat between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere flow of heat from low latitudes to higher latitudes development of storm systems All of the above are correct. Question 20 Mid-ocean ridges are associated with __________. convergent plate boundaries divergent plate boundaries transform plate boundaries beaches subduction zones Question 21 Sound propagation in the ocean is used for __________. determining ocean depth locating submarines and fish whale communication detecting small changes in water temperature over long distances All of the above are correct. Question 22 Which of the following atmospheric gases is (are) essential for life on Earth? water vapor argon ozone carbon dioxide a, c, and d Question 23 At the equator over the course of a year, the rate of cooling due to emission of infrared radiation to space is __________ the rate of warming due to absorption of solar radiation. greater than equal to less than Question 24 _____________ is primarily made up of basalt whereas __________ is primarily made up of granite. Oceanic crust. . . . continental crust Continental crust. . . . oceanic crust Question 25 Hot spots are associated with __________. earthquakes mantle plumes deep-sea trenches dead zones Question 26 Surface ocean waters are slightly alkaline with a global mean pH of __________. 7.0 5.6-5.7 8.0-8.3 11 14 Question 27 Pressure increases by __________ for each additional 10 meters of depth beneath the ocean's surface. 1 decibar 10 decibars 100 decibars 1000 decibars Question 28 The only region where both winds and ocean currents flow unimpeded around the world is the ____________ Ocean. Pacific Atlantic Southern Arctic Indian Question 29 The ocean is heated primarily by absorption of __________. solar radiation infrared radiation emitted by clouds and the atmosphere Both a and b are correct. Question 30 At __________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates slide laterally past each other. convergent divergent transform hot spot None of the above is correct. Question 31 1 / 1 pts The term for the total concentration of salts in seawater is __________. conduction gm/cm3 solubility pH salinity Question 32 Earth's greenhouse effect is primarily the consequence of atmospheric __________. carbon dioxide water vapor oxygen ozone methane Question 33 The energy that drives tectonic plate movement comes from __________. gravitational attraction of the Moon solar energy heat from Earth's interior Earth's gravitational attraction Earth's magnetic field Question 34 The hydrosphere includes: water in the atmosphere saltwater in the ocean fresh water in the lakes, rivers, and streams water in the cryosphere and biosphere All of the above are correct. Question 35 The principal source of water vapor in the troposphere is _________. glacial ice sheets green plants lakes and ponds the ocean soil Question 36 The continental margin is composed of the following zones: coast, sea cliff, nearshore, and offshore wetland, estuary, and fjord igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks shelf, slope, and rise crust, mantle, and core Question 37 The average size of animals in the ocean is the size of a (an) __________. robin elephant mosquito adult human None of the above is correct. Question 38 The following human activity has adversely affected portions of the ocean: agriculture mining electric power generation offshore oil drilling All of the above are correct. Question 39 The type of rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava is _________. igneous sedimentary metamorphic limestone sandstone Question 40 Through absorption, solar radiation is __________. converted to heat energy scattered to space reflected to space destroyed None of the above is correct. Question 41 The average length of time the various salts remain in the ocean before cycling out of the ocean is known as the __________ time. residence circulation habitation Question 42 Satellite remote sensing of the ocean can monitor __________. sea-surface temperatures (SST) ocean-surface elevation marine biological production distribution of chlorophyll All of the above are correct. Question 43 High pressure systems are usually accompanied by __________ weather and low pressure systems are usually accompanied by __________ weather. fair. . . . stormy stormy. . . . fair Question 44 Deep ocean sediments are thickest where the underlying crust is _________. youngest oldest granitic metamorphic absent Question 45 The layer of the atmosphere within which most weather occurs and where the atmosphere interfaces and interacts with the other Earth sub-systems: thermosphere stratosphere mesosphere troposphere exosphere Question 46 Which of the following apply to models? simulation of a real system used to predict the future state of a system require actual data for guiding model building, testing, and verification of output can be graphical, physical, conceptual or numerical All of the above are correct. Question 47 Coral atolls ____________ were explained by Charles Darwin are caused by sinking volcanoes consist of a ring of islands surrounding a seawater lagoon consist of coral overlying volcanic rock All of the above are correct. Question 48 Hydrothermal vents and circulation are usually associated with ___________. oceanic ridge systems divergent plate boundaries a source of heat submarine volcanic activity All of the above are correct. Question 49 Which one of the following statements about the world ocean is not true? Most land is in the Southern Hemisphere whereas ocean dominates the Northern Hemisphere. The Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans border the Southern Ocean. The Arctic is an ocean surrounded by continents. The Antarctic is a continent surrounded by ocean. The Pacific is the largest ocean. Question 50 Ocean acidification threatens those marine organisms whose shells and skeletons are composed of _________. silica basalt calcium carbonate sodium chloride None of the above is correct. Question 51 The principle of constant proportions means that __________. the salinity of ocean water remains constant the percent of the principal sea salts in the ocean varies relative to one another measuring the concentration of one principal sea salt allows calculation of the concentrations of the other major salt components oceanographers must measure separately the concentration of each salt dissolved in seawater in order to determine the salinity None of the above is correct. Question 52 In the ocean, photosynthesis requires dissolved __________. oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide chlorine ozone Question 53 In the dark waters just below the photic zone, because of cellular respiration, the concentration of dissolved __________ is higher relative to dissolved __________. carbon dioxide. . . . oxygen oxygen. . . . carbon dioxide Question 54 Carbon dioxide __________ accounts for 83% of the gases dissolved in the ocean as a whole has a much higher concentration in the ocean than in the atmosphere when combined with water, makes a weak acid called carbonic acid is important in the carbon cycle, global climate change, and ocean acidification All of the above are correct. Question 55 The color of the open ocean is blue/green because __________. water absorbs the longer wavelengths (i.e., reds and yellows) of visible light more efficiently than the shorter wavelengths (i.e. greens and blues) water absorbs the shorter wavelengths (i.e. greens and blues) of visible light more efficiently than the longer wavelengths (i.e., reds and yellows) there is an abundance of suspended particles the sea surface reflects the sky Question 56 Which of the following are characteristic of passive continental coasts? no active volcanoes no plate boundaries no deep sea trenches relatively wide continental shelves All of the above are correct. Question 57 Climate is defined by all of the following except for: the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place the state of the atmosphere averaged over time at some place governs fresh water supply, type of crops, distribution of plants and animals is commonly a 30 year average of weather elements includes extremes in weather Question 58 The components of an ecosystem ____________ are exclusively biotic do not interact with one another are totally independent of one another are subject to disturbance by a variety of human activities. Question 59 The ocean and atmosphere are coupled such that winds drive ocean currents to a depth of about __________ meters. 10 100 1000 4000 8000 Question 60 In which one of the following ocean basins is the major tectonic activity located around the edges with relatively little tectonic activity in the center? Atlantic Pacific Question 61 The density of freshwater ice is __________. greater than fresh water and so the ice sinks less than fresh water and so the ice floats about 1.00 gm/cm3 the same as fresh water twice the value of fresh water density Question 62 Which one of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength? ultraviolet visible light microwaves infrared radio waves Question 63 Of the more than 70 different ions that are dissolved in seawater the two most abundant _________. calcium and potassium magnesium and sulfate sodium and chloride nickel and zinc calcium and magnesium Question 64 Which one of the following is not one of the five principal ocean basins? Pacific Atlantic Southern Arctic Mediterranean Question 65 Fresh water is most dense at a temperature of about __________. 4 °C Question 66 Sea ice, formed when seawater freezes, contains ___________ salt than seawater. more less Question 67 When seawater evaporates, all dissolved salts ___________ disappear enter the atmosphere are left behind in the surface waters are consumed by fish Question 68 Rocks composing Earth's crust are classified as __________. conglomerate, limestone, pumice magma, minerals, lava clay, silt, gravel sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous minerals Question 69 Ecosystems consist of __________. producers (plants) consumers (animals) decomposers (bacteria, fungi) All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 70 In the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the surface salinity is greatest near the _________. coasts center of each ocean basin equator Question 71 The biosphere is dominated on both land and ocean by __________. humans bacteria and single-celled plants and animals chlorophyll producing plants and animals mammals carnivores Question 72 As solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, a portion of that radiation is __________. absorbed by gases scattered by dust particles and molecules reflected by clouds All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 73 In the photic zone, the concentration of dissolved __________ is higher relative to dissolved __________. carbon dioxide. . . . oxygen oxygen. . . . carbon dioxide Question 74 Lithospheric plates_____________ float on the asthenosphere are moved by convection currents in the mantle are generated at spreading centers are incorporated into the mantle at subduction zones All of the above are correct. Question 75 When liquid water vaporizes (i.e., evaporates, sublimates, boils), enough latent heat is absorbed to essentially ____________. break all of the hydrogen bonds break many of the hydrogen bonds break none of the hydrogen bonds Question 76 Cold ocean water is __________ warm ocean water. denser than Question 77 In surface ocean waters, the most abundant dissolved gases are: nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide nitrogen, ozone, and argon oxygen, sodium, and hydrogen carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium hydrogen, helium, and chloride Question 78 The greenhouse effect is the heating of Earth's surface and lower atmosphere caused by strong absorption and emission of __________ radiation by certain gaseous components of the atmosphere. infrared solar ultraviolet microwave visible Question 79 Water in the atmosphere is __________. mostly confined to the lowest 1000 m of the atmosphere never more than about 4% of air by volume responsible for the Earth's water cycle responsible for keeping Earth sufficiently warm to allow life as we know it to exist All of the above are correct. Question 80 A broad wind belt that encircles both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere is the __________. trade winds westerlies polar easterlies All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 81 The Coriolis Effect __________ deflects large scale ocean currents and winds is at a maximum at the equator is at a minimum at the poles causes deflections to the left in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere arises from gradients in air pressure Question 82 Density of seawater is controlled primarily by __________. temperature and salinity salinity, temperature, and depth dissolved gases, salinity, and depth dissolved gases and depth salinity only Question 83 On average, within the troposphere, the air temperature _________ with increasing altitude. falls rises does not change Question 84 The __________ of the Earth is responsible for the seasons. spin tilt of the spin axis Question 85 1 / 1 pts Because of the greenhouse effect, cloudy nights tend to be __________ than clear nights. warmer cooler darker lighter Question 86 Fresh water begins to freeze at __________. 32 °F -15 °C -2 °C 0 °C Both a and d are correct. Question 87 Most tectonic activity takes place __________. along plate boundaries near the middle of plates only at the edges of continents only at the boundaries between ocean and continents near the middle of continents Question 88 In which one of the following ocean basins is the major tectonic activity located down the middle with little tectonic activity at the edges? Atlantic Pacific Question 89 Uneven heating of Earth's surface brings about poleward heat transport, which is accomplished by __________. ocean currents exchange of air masses storm systems All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 90 Earth is unique among the planets of the solar system because ____________. it has a history of volcanic eruptions earthquake waves are generated in its solid interior liquid water covers much of its surface it has an atmosphere None of the above is correct. Question 91 Latent heat is ____________. average kinetic energy heat used to change the phase of a substance but not its temperature heat used to change the temperature of a substance but not its phase potential energy the same as cosmic energy Question 92 Most of the deep sea trenches in the world's ocean caused by subduction occur around the edge of the ____________ Ocean. Indian Atlantic Pacific Southern Arctic Question 93 Analysis of ice cores extracted from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets yields records of air temperature and composition stretching back in time to a maximum of __________ years. 10 100 1000 10,000 hundreds of thousands of Question 94 The lithosphere __________ consists of crust only is a rigid layer composed of both the crust and the upper portion of the mantle is a layer consisting of mantle material only is the lowest layer of the atmosphere is liquid Question 95 The pressure gradient force causes air to flow from areas of relatively _________ pressure to areas of relatively __________ pressure. low. . . . high high. . . . low Question 96 Non-conservative properties of ocean water __________. include constituents that vary in concentration because they participate in biogeochemical or seasonal cycles include silica and calcium compounds do not follow the principle of constant proportions All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 97 Weather __________ is the state of the atmosphere at a specified time and place is described by variables such as temperature, cloud cover, wind, and precipitation is the state of the atmosphere averaged over time at some place All of the above are correct. Both a and b are correct. Question 98 Increasing the salinity of ocean water ___________ its density increases Question 99 Water is known as the universal solvent because ___________. water dissolves solids, liquids, and gases hydrogen bonds facilitate breaking ionic bonds such as in NaCl water dissolves non-ionic substances such as organic chemicals All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct. Question 100 The average albedo of the ocean is __________. greater than that of clouds greater than Earth's planetary albedo less than 10 percent about 30 percent more than fresh snow