Summary NUR 352 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023

NUR 352 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023. Vital Signs ● Normal Adult ranges of- T, P, BP, R, O2 saturation. ○ T: 36-38C (96.8-100.4F) ○ P- 60-100 ○ BP- <120/<80 ○ R- 12-20 ○ Oxygen saturation- 95-100% ● Causes for alterations in each – T, P, BP, R and O2 saturation. ○ Temperature ■ Hormones ■ Environmental temperature ■ Activity ■ Infection ■ Eating hot/cold foods/drinks before an oral temperature ■ Smoking ■ Age ■ Stress/anxiety ■ Circadian rhythm ○ Pulse ■ Stress/anxiety ■ Activity ■ Medications ■ Temperature ■ Pain ■ Hormones ■ Circadian rhythm ■ Age ■ Hemorrhage (blood loss causes the heart to overcompensate) ■ Environment ■ Change of position ■ Anemia (low RBC count causes the heart to overcompensate for the loss of O2 and iron) ■ Core body temperature ○ Blood Pressure ■ Age ■ Stress ■ Medications ■ Hydration ■ Body position ■ Comorbidities ■ Alcohol and tobacco use ■ Activity level ■ Circadian rhythm ■ Ethnicity (African American descent tend to have a higher BP) ■ Male (higher) ■ Family history ○ Respirations ■ Activity ■ Stress/anxiety ■ Injury ■ Infection ■ Air quality ■ Medications ■ Heart issues ■ Hypoxemia ■ Age ■ Smoking ■ Body position ■ Brain trauma ○ Oxygen saturation ■ Respiratory infection ■ COPD ■ Asthma ■ Anemia ■ Heart disease ■ Pulmonary embolism ■ Increased respirations ● Age and activity level considerations – understand normal variations that occur with aging and alterations you may expect based on lifestyle ○ Temperature ■ Level doesn’t change as much but it becomes harder for the body to control its temperature (older) ■ Higher temperature (infants) ○ Pulse ■ Can become slower or weaken (older) ■ Higher and more rapid (infants) ○ Blood Pressure ■ Can increase as you age (older) ■ Generally lower in both systolic and diastolic values (infants) ○ Respirations ■ Only really changes if there are underlying problems such as COPD or Asthma (older) ■ Irregular and can fluctuate between periods of apnea and rapid breaths (infants) ○ Oxygen saturation ■ Can decrease as you age (older) ■ Generally lower (younger) ● Complications of alterations/nursing actions ● Performance, findings, and results with orthostatic blood pressure collection Pain ● Assessment of pain (PQRSTU) – know assessment needs and details when evaluating subjective reports of pain. ○ Precipitating Cause- what happened ○ Quality- what does it feel like ○ Region- where does it hurt? Does it spread ○ Scale- 0-10 ○ Timing- how long has it been occurring? Intermittent or constant? ● Differentiate Chronic and Acute pain - types and management ○ Chronic- >6months ■ Not protective, ongoing or frequently recurs, persists beyond tissue healing ■ Response doesn’t alter vital signs, depression, fatigue, decrease level of functioning ○ Acute- <6 months ■ Protective, temporary self-limiting, direct cause, resolves with tissue healing ■ Sympathetic nervous system response (tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, diaphoresis, muscle tension) ● Subjective or objective information